Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission of infantile allergic colitis through gut microbiota re-establishment

Table 1 Clinical information for 19 allergic colitis infants

ID	Gender	Age (mo)	Symptom(s)	Duration of disease (mo)	Treatment(s) before FMT	Donor source	FMT times	Symptom remission after first FMT (d)	Stool frequency before and after FMT (times/d)	Follow-up (mo)	Availability of gut microbiota data
AC1	Female	7	Diarrhea, hematochezia sometimes; anemia; hypohepatia	> 3	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics (C. butyricum)	Mother	2	1	3-4, 1	19	Yes
AC2	Male	10	Hematochezia	> 0.5	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics (Bifidobacteria)	Healthy infants aged 10 mo old	2	1	2-3, 1	18	Yes
AC3	Female	11	Hematochezia	> 3	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics (S. boulardii)	Healthy infants aged 8 mo old	3	1	5-6, 2	19	Yes
AC4	Male	9	Hematochezia	> 3	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics (S. boulardii)	Mother's cousin sister	3	1	6-7, 1-2	18	Yes
AC5	Male	5	Diarrhea and hematochezia sometimes	> 3	Applying amino acid formula	Healthy infants aged 8 mo old	3	1	3-4, 2	19	Yes
AC6	Male	5	Hematochezia	> 3	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics (C. butyricum)	Mother	1	2	5-6, 1	18	Yes
AC7	Male	4	Hematochezia and cough sometimes	> 2	Applying amino acid formula and nebulization	Mother	2	2	4-7, 1	15	Yes
AC8	Female	3	Diarrhea and mucoid feces sometimes	> 2	Applying amino acid formula	Mother	2	1	3-4, 1-2	19	Yes
AC9	Male	11	Interval hematochezia	> 6	Appling amino acid formula and probiotics (S. boulardii)	Mother	2	1	3-4, 2	23	Yes
AC10	Female	3	Hematochezia	> 1.5	Applying amino acid formula	Healthy infants aged 10 mo old	4	2	5-6, 1	21	Yes
AC11	Male	7	Diarrhea	> 2	Applying amino acid formula, probiotics (Bifidobacteria), Smecta and Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)	Healthy infants aged 10 mo old	5	1	5-6, 1	23	No
AC12	Female	10	Diarrhea and hematochezia sometimes	> 1	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics (Bifidobacteria)	Mother	3	1	5-6, 1-2	22	No
AC13	Male	5	Hematochezia and diahhrea sometimes	> 3	Applying amino acid formula	Mother	1	1	3-4, 1	15	No
AC14	Female	5	Hematochezia and then peptone shaped feces	> 1	Applying amino acid formula and probiotics ()	Mother	1	1	7-8, 2	15	No
AC15	Male	7	Diarrhea	> 2	Applying amino acid formula, ORS, and probiotics (C. butyricum)	Mother	5	1	5-6, 1	21	No
AC16	Female	5	Interval hematochezia	> 2	Appling amino acid formula	Healthy infants aged 8 mo old	2	1	4-5, 1	21	No
AC17	Male	7	Diarrhea and hematochezia sometimes	> 3	Applying amino acid formula, probiotics (Bifidobacteria and C. butyricum)	Healthy infants aged 11 mo old	1	2	3-4, 1-2	0.5	No
AC18	Female	8	Diarrhea and cough sometimes	> 4	Applying amino acid formula and nebulization	Healthy infants aged 8 mo old	2	1	3-4, 2	17	No
AC19	Male	5	Interval diarrhea	> 4	Applying amino acid formula	Mother	4	1	3-4, 1	0.3	No

AC: Allergic colitis; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation.

Table 2 Laboratory testing on donors

Blood testing
Blood transfusion examinations: Quantifications of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody, hepatitis B E antigen, hepatitis B E antibody, hepatitis B core IgM antibody, hepatitis C antibody, human immunodeficiency virus antibody, and treponema pallidum antibody.
TORCH examinations: Detections on toxoplasmosis IgG, toxoplasmosis IgM, rubella virus IgG, rubella virus IgM, cytomegalovirus IgG, cytomegalovirus IgM, herpes simplex virus 1/2 IgG, and herpes simplex virus 1/2 IgM.
Detection on parvovirus B19.
Epstein-Barr virus examinations: Detections on Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen IgA, Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen IgG, Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen IgM, Epstein-Barr virus early antigen IgG, and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen IgG.
Blood type examination.
Lymphocyte subpopulation examination.
Food allergen examination (sIgE).
Hepatic and renal function examinations: Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, total protein, albumin, globulin, prealbumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, total cholesterol , triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lactic dehydrogenase, calcium, corrected calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, urea, creatinine, trioxypurine, bicarbonate radical, total bile acid, 5-nucleotidase, α-L-fucosidase, cholinesterase, cystatin C, and lipase andamylopsin.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody examination (or the enzyme-linked immuno-spot assay test for tuberculosis).
Immune system examinations: Quantifications of immune globulin A, immune globulin G, immune globulin M, alexin C3, and alexin C4.
Detection on hepatitis A-IgM.
Qualifications of C-reaction protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Stool testing
Fecal routine examinations: Detections on fecal color, character, red blood cells, white blood cells, occult blood, parasite eggs, protozoon, fat ball, rotavirus antigen, and fungus.
Bacterial culture tests: Detections on Vibrio cholera, Salmonella, Shigella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and pathogenic Escherichia coli.
Other testing
Chest X-ray.
Urea[C13] Capsule Breath Test.
Abdominal ultrasound scan.
Electrocardiographic examination.

Table 3 Laboratory testing of the patients before fecal microbiota transplantation

Blood testing
Hepatic and renal function examinations: Glutamic-pyruvic transaminas, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, total protein, albumin, globulin, prealbumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lactic dehydrogenase, calcium, corrected calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, urea, creatinine, trioxypurine, bicarbonate radical, total bile acid, 5-nucleotidase, α-L-ducosidase, cholinesterase, cystatin C, lipase, and amylopsin.
Food allergen examination (sIgE).
Lymphocyte subpopulation examination.
Detection on hepatitis A-IgM.
Blood transfusion examinations: Quantifications of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody, hepatitis B E antigen, hepatitis B E antibody, hepatitis B core IgM antibody, hepatitis C antibody, human immunodeficiency virus antibody, and treponema pallidum antibody.
TORCH examinations: Detections on toxoplasmosis IgG, toxoplasmosis IgM, rubella virus IgG, rubella virus IgM, cytomegalovirus IgG, cytomegalovirus IgM, herpes simplex virus 1/2 IgG, and herpes simplex virus 1/2 IgM.
Detection on parvovirus B19.
Blood coagulation examinations: Detections on prothrombin time, prothrombin activity, international normalized ratio, fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and D-dimer.
Blood type examination.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibody examination (or the enzyme-linked immuno-spot assay test for tuberculosis).
Stool testing
Fecal routine examinations: Detections on fecal color, character, red blood cells, white blood cells, occult blood, parasite eggs, protozoon, fat ball, rotavirus antigen, and fungus.
Bacterial culture tests: Detections on Vibrio cholera, Salmonella, Shigella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and pathogenic Escherichia coli.
Other testing
Enteroscopic examination.
Abdominal ultrasound scan (intestinal adhesion).
Electrocardiographic examination.