Miao Duan, Qing-Zhou Kong, Xiu-Li Zuo, Xiao-Yun Yang, Yue-Yue Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
Xiao-Yun Yang, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
Co-corresponding authors: Xiao-Yun Yang and Yue-Yue Li.
Author contributions: Duan M, Yang XY, and Li YY designed the research and edited the manuscript; Kong QZ participated in data analyses and graphic design; Zuo XL supervised the entire study and performed a critical revision of this article; Yang XY reviewed all the statistical methods used in this study; Yang XY and Li YY contributed equally as co-corresponding authors. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, No. 2022JC021; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82270570 and No. 82070551; and the ECCM Program of Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, No. 2021SDUCRCB003.
Institutional review board statement: Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 2021(138).
Clinical trial registration statement: The study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov under the registration number NCT05065138.
Informed consent statement: All participants in the study were informed about the study details and signed informed consent forms.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
CONSORT 2010 statement: The authors have read the CONSORT 2010 Statement, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CONSORT 2010 Statement.
Data sharing statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Yue-Yue Li, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
lyynqj@126.com
Received: October 29, 2025
Revised: December 11, 2025
Accepted: December 31, 2025
Published online: February 21, 2026
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