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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 21, 2025; 31(47): 112921
Published online Dec 21, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i47.112921
Published online Dec 21, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i47.112921
Foundation models: Insights and implications for gastrointestinal cancer
Lei Shi, Rui Huang, An-Jie Guo, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Li-Ling Zhao, Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
Author contributions: Shi L and Huang R designed the study and collected the data; Shi L, Huang R, and Zhao LL analyzed and interpreted the data; Shi L and Huang R wrote the manuscript; Zhao LL and Guo AJ revised the manuscript; all authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by the Open Project Program of Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, No. SZKF202302; and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities No. 2019CDYGYB024.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors deny any conflict of interest.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Lei Shi, Associate Professor, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 55 University City South Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China.
Received: August 11, 2025
Revised: September 10, 2025
Accepted: November 3, 2025
Published online: December 21, 2025
Processing time: 132 Days and 9.7 Hours
Revised: September 10, 2025
Accepted: November 3, 2025
Published online: December 21, 2025
Processing time: 132 Days and 9.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This review synthesizes applications of foundation models in gastrointestinal cancer, from clinical text structuring and image analysis to multimodal data integration. Despite current knowledge gaps and challenges like data standardization, it highlights foundation models’ transformative potential, urging refined models and collaborations to advance gastroin