Published online Sep 7, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6164
Peer-review started: May 4, 2017
First decision: June 5, 2017
Revised: June 9, 2017
Accepted: July 12, 2017
Article in press: July 12, 2017
Published online: September 7, 2017
Processing time: 126 Days and 18.1 Hours
To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota (GM), and how ketogenic diet (KD) alters GM.
A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR, and inter-group comparison was conducted by R software.
After being on KD treatment for a week, 64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement, with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants (P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants (Health group). Proteobacteria, which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group, decreased dramatically after KD treatment (P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group, in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.
GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.
Core tip: Many infants with epilepsy are refractory to current antiepileptic drugs, and ketogenic diet (KD) could help to moderate seizure frequency as an alternative treatment. A large number of reports have demonstrated that gut microbiota (GM) can affect children’s neurodevelopment. Concurrently, GM could be dramatically affected by diet. KD could rapidly alter GM and alleviate seizure frequency in infants with refractory epilepsy. The GM structure of epileptic infants - comprising large numbers of pathogens, such as Streptococcus - differed from that of healthy controls. After KD therapy, GM of epileptic patients changed significantly, with fewer pathogens and more beneficial bacteria.