Diet and microbiome in the beginning of the sequence of gut inflammation

Table 1 Role of microbioma in inflammatory bowel disease patients and mouse models[11]

Aggressive	Protective
Proteobacteria	Bifidobacterium sp.
Escherichia coli (adherent/invasive)	Clostridium (groups IV and XIVA)
Fusobacterium sp.	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Pasteurellaceae	Bacteroides fragilis
Veillonellaceae	Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Caudovirales	Roseburia sp.
Ruminococcus gnavus	Suterella sp.
Candida albicans
Candida tropicalis

Table 2 Dietary intervention in inflammatory bowel disease

Intervention feature	Prevent IBD	Maintain remission	Treat IBD
Protein intake	Limit red meat consumption	-	-
Fat intake	Limit 6-PUFA and trans-saturated fatty acid consumption	-	-
Fiber intake	Not limited	-	-
Low-residue diet	-	No recommendation1	-
Semi-vegetarian diet	-	No recommendation	-
Low-FODMAPs diet	-	Optional (if IBS symptoms)	No recommendation
Anti-inflammatory diet	-	No recommendation	-
Mediterranean diet	-	Optional	No recommendation
Specific carbohydrate diet	-	No recommendation	No recommendation
Autoimmune diet (Paleo diet)	-	No recommendation	-
Partial enteral diet	-	Optional	No recommendation
Exclusive enteral nutrition	-	-	First-line in children with active CDOptional in active CD2; No recommendation in UC
Crohn’s disease exclusion diet	-	-	No recommendation
Gluten-free diet	-	-	No recommendation
Caloric restrictions	-	-	No recommendation

¹Except in intestinal strictures.

²Firstline in adults (only in Asian countries). CD: Crohn’s disease; FODMAPs: Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid; UC: Ulcerative colitis.