Primary pancreatic paraganglioma harboring lymph node metastasis: A case report

Table 1 Nineteen cases of pancreatic paraganglioma from literature review

Ref.	Sex	Age	Size (cm)	Location	Imaging features	Manifestation	Preoperative diagnosis	Therapy	Follow-up
Fujino et al[5], 1998	M	61	2.5 × 2.0 × 1.8	Uncinate process	CT: A solid mass. MRI: An isointensity lesion. CA: A hypervascular tumor	NF	Pan-NEN	PD	5 yr PO (TF)
Parithivel et al[6], 2000	M	85	6	Head	CT: A highly vascular solid-cystic mass, no dilation of either biliary or pancreatic ducts	NF	NM	TLR	NM
Ohkawara et al[7], 2005	F	72	4	Head	CT: A solid-cystic tumor rich in blood supply, no dilation of either biliary or pancreatic ducts	NF	Pan-NEN	RPH	NM
Kim et al[8], 2008	F	57	6.5 × 6 × 6	Head	US: A hypervascular tumor. CT: Marked enhancement in the arterial phase, still well-enhancing in the portal venous phase, non-enhancing tubular-shaped portions could be seen inside. EUS: Echogenic mass with several anechoic portions	NF	Pancreatic islet cell tumor	PPPD	NM
He et al[9], 2011	F	40	4.5 × 4.2	Uncinate process	CT: Well demarcated solid mass, dramatical enhancement in pancreatic and portal vein phase, several low density foci were observed. Distal pancreatic duct middle dilation	NF	NM	RPH	NM
Higa and Kapur[10], 2012	F	65	2.0	Uncinate process	CT: A pancreatic mass with enhancement and mixed attenuation	NF	NM	PD	NM
Al-Jiffry et al[11], 2013	F	19	9.0	Head	CT: Marked enhancement in the arterial phase and washed out in the venous phase	F	Pancreatic sarcoma	PD	3 yr PO (TF)
Borgohain et al[12], 2013	F	55	17 × 19	Tail	CT: A multi-cystic tumor. US: Highly vascular	NF	NM	TLR	10 mo PO (TF)
Straka et al[13], 2014	F	53	8.5	Head	CT: An extremely hypervascular tumor with abundant collateral vessels from the superior mesenteric artery	NF	NM	PPPD	49 mo PO (TF)
Zhang et al[14], 2014	F	50	6	Head	CT: A solid well-vascularized tumor, with multiple liver metastases	F	NM	Operation halted	4 yr PO (TF)
Zhang et al[14], 2014	M	63	4	Head	CT: Well-vascularized tumor	F	NM	Operation	3 mo PO (TF)
Meng et al[15], 2015	F	54	3 × 2.5	Head	US: An ill-defined hypoechoic mass, the blood flow signal was plentiful. CT: a poor-defined isodense mass, heterogeneous striking enhancement during the arterial phase, homogeneous marked enhancement during the venous phase	NF	NM	Operation	NM
Meng et al[15], 2015	F	41	4 × 4	Head	US: A well-demarcated hypoechoic mass, some blood flow signal was seen. CT: a poor-defined mass with low and heterogeneous density, marked enhancement	NF	NM	Operation	NM
Misumi et al[16], 2015	F	47	1.5 × 1.2	Head	US: A low-echoic tumor, CT: A well demarcated tumor, strongly enhanced in the arterial phase and still faintly enhanced in the portal vein phase. Feeding artery from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the draining vein into the portal vein. no dilation of either biliary or pancreatic ducts	NF	Pan-NEN	PD	1 yr PO (TF)
Ginesu et al[17], 2016	M	55	1.3	Uncinate process	CT: Arterial phase hypervascularity and slow wash-out	NF	Pan-NEN	PPPD	2 yr PO (TF)
Tulumuru et al[18], 2016	F	62	2.8 × 2.8 × 2.7	Body	CT: Well-defined margin and avid homogeneous enhancement. No lymphadenopathy or metastasis	NF	Pan-NEN	DP	1 yr PO (TF)
Lin et al[1], 2016	F	42	5.2 × 6.3	Body	CT: Marked enhancement in the arterial phase, distal pancreatic duct dilation	NF	Pan-NEN	CP	1 yr PO (TF)
Furcea et al[19], 2017	F	53	3.5 × 2.5 × 2.5	Isthmus	US: Encapsulated hypoechoic, inhomogeneous tumor. CEUS: intense arterial enhancement, rich arterial vascularization	NF	Pan-NEN	CP	NM
Nonaka et al[20], 2017	F	68	2.2 × 2.2 × 1.7	Head	EUS: Low-echoic nodule. No dilation of either biliary or pancreatic ducts. CT: enhanced during the arterial phase, weakly enhanced during the portal phase	NF	NM	PPPD	1 yr PO (TF)

M: Male; F: Female; NM: Not mentioned; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance image; CA: Celiac angiograms; US: Ultrasound; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; CEUS: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; NF: Non-functioning; F: Functioning; Pan-NEN: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; TLR: Tumor local resection; RPH: Resection of the pancreas head; PPPD: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; DP: Distal pancreatectomy; CP: Central pancreatectomy; PO: Post operation; TF: Tumor free.