Determination of vitamin D and analysis of risk factors for osteoporosis in patients with chronic pain

Table 1 Comparison of the general data and vitamin D concentrations between the study and control groups

Group	n	Age (yr)	Sex (M/F)	Vitamin D (ng/mL)
Study	184	57.62 ± 13.79	49/135	13.76 ± 7.15
Control	104	56.52 ± 13.66	25/79	20.12 ± 7.59
t (c2)		0.656	0.234	7.085
P value		0.512	0.629	0.000

M: Male; F: Female.

Table 2 Comparison of the percentage of vitamin D concentration between the study and control groups

Vitamin D level	Study group (n = 184), n (%)	Control group (n = 104), n (%)	c2	P value
< 10	55 (29.9)	1 (1.0)	35.502	0.000
10-20	99 (53.8)	60 (57.7)	0.406	0.524
20-30	25 (13.6)	33 (31.7)	13.600	0.000
≥ 30	5 (2.7)	10 (9.6)	6.404	0.011

Table 3 Comparison of vitamin D concentrations between the normal bone mineral density group, reduced bone mineral density group, and osteoporosis group

Group	n	Age (yr)	Sex (M/F)	Vitamin D (ng/mL)
Normal BMD	55	49.18 ± 11.29	20/35	14.20 ± 7.48
Reduced BMD	74	62.29 ± 12.281	19/55	14.12 ± 6.71
Osteoporosis	55	67.48 ± 9.202	10/45	12.94 ± 7.002
F(c2)		2108.770	4.711	35.824
P value		0.000	0.095	0.000

¹Compared with the normal bone mineral density group, P < 0.05.

²Compared with the reduced bone mineral density group, P < 0.05. M: Male; F: Female; BMD: Bone mineral density.

Table 4 The diagnostic value of vitamin D concentration on bone mass reduction and osteoporosis

Group	n	AUC	SD	P value	95%CI
Reduced BMD	74	0.487	0.056	0.820	0.379-0.596
Osteoporosis	55	0.417	0.055	0.134	0.309-0.525

CI: Confidence interval; BMD: Bone mineral density; AUC: Area under curve; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 5 Relationship between age groups and bone mineral density in patients with chronic pain

Age group (yr)	n	Normal BMD (%)	Reduced BMD (%)	Osteoporosis (%)	c2	P value
< 45	32	27 (49.09)	4 (5.41)	1 (1.82)
45-64	86	24 (43.63)	43 (58.11)	19 (34.55)	58.933	0.000
≥ 65	66	4 (7.27)	27 (36.49)	35 (63.64)
Total	184	55 (100)	74 (100)	55 (100)

BMD: Bone mineral density.

Table 6 Comparison of vitamin D concentrations between different age groups in the study group

Age group (yr)	n	Vitamin D (ng/mL)
< 45	32	13.23 ± 5.58
45-64	86	1.64 ± 7.06
≥ 65	66	14.15 ± 8.00
F		0.189
P value		0.28

Table 7 Univariate analysis of various factors in the normal and reduced bone mineral density groups of the study group

Factor	Reduced BMD (%)	Normal BMD (%)	c2	P value
Age (yr)			37.533	0.000
< 45	4	27
45-64	43	24
≥ 65	27	4
Sex			23.334	0.000
M	19	20
F	55	35
Ethnicity			8.407	0.038
Tibetan	3	10
Han	60	37
Hui	7	7
Others	4	1
BMI			2.302	0.512
< 18.5	3	4
18.5-22.9	38	33
24-27	22	11
≥ 28	11	7
Occupation			0.144	0.704
Farmer	18	15
Non-farmer	56	40
Vitamin D			1.323	0.724
< 10	21	15
10-20	38	32
20-30	13	6
≥ 30	2	2
PTH			7.503	0.023
< 15	1	0
15-65	41	43
> 65	32	12
Ca			21.396	0.000
< 2.2	39	26
2.2-2.7	17	29
> 2.7	18	0
P			1.312	0.519
< 0.85	5	3
0.85-1.51	61	49
> 1.51	8	3
Altitude			2.988	0.224
1500-2500	58	40
2500-3500	15	11
3500-5800	1	4

BMD: Bone mineral density; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; BMI: Body mass index; M: Male; F: Female.

Table 8 Binary logistic analysis of multiple factors for bone mass reduction

Factor	B value	SD (S.E.)	Wald value	Variance	P value	OR value	OR, 95%CI
Age	2.670	0.473	31.868	1	0.000	14.440	5.714-36.488
PTH	2.210	0.546	16.387	1	0.000	9.119	3.127-26.592
Ca	0.717	0.363	3.906	1	0.048	2.048	1.006-4.171
constant	-1.298	2.135	28.008	1	0.000	0.000

PTH: Parathyroid hormone; SD: Standard deviation; OR: Odds ratio; S.E.: Standard error; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 9 Univariate analysis of multiple factors in the osteoporosis and normal bone mineral density subgroups of the study group

Factor	Osteoporosis, (%)	Normal BMD (%)	c2	P value
Age (yr)			49.365	0.000
< 45	1	27
45-64	19	24
≥ 65	35	4
Sex			4.583	0.032
M	10	20
F	45	35
Ethnicity			9.913	0.019
Tibetan	2	10
Han	38	37
Hui	8	7
Others	7	1
BMI			0.777	0.855
< 18.5	5	4
18.5-23.9	36	33
24-27	9	11
> 28	5	7
Occupation
Farmer	10	15	1.294	0.255
Non-farmer	45	40
Vitamin D			0.959	0.811
< 10	19	15
10-20	29	32
20-30	6	6
≥ 30	1	2
PTH			0.767	0381
< 15	0	0
15-65	39	43
> 65	16	12
Ca			0.146	0.703
< 2.2	28	26
2.2-2.7	27	29
> 2.7	0	0
P			1.942	0.379
< 0.85	7	3
0.85-1.51	46	49
> 1.51	2	3
Altitude			6.381	0.041
1500-2500	49	40
2500-3500	6	11
3500-5800	0	4

BMD: Bone mineral density; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; BMI: Body mass index; M: Male; F: Female.

Table 10 Binary logistic regression analysis of multiple factors for osteoporosis

Factor	B value	SD (S.E.)	Wald value	Variance	P value	OR value	OR 95%CI
Age	3.976	0.846	22.062	1	0.000	53.305	10.144-280.095
Ethnicity	1.262	0.521	5.871	1	0.015	5.531	1.273-9.797
Altitude	-2.049	0.514	15.871	1	0.000	0.129	0.047-0.353
Constant	-8.343	2.141	15.186	1	0.000	0.000

SD: Standard deviation; OR: Odds ratio; S.E.: Standard error; CI: Confidence interval.