Use of tunnel endoscopy for diagnosis of obscure submucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma: A case report and review of the literature with emphasis on causes of esophageal stenosis

Table 1 Analysis of causes of esophageal stenosis

Ref.	Years	Cause analysis of stenosis	Clinical manifestation
Ramage Jr et al[8]	2005	Peptic strictures	Acid reflux, dysphagia
Moonen et al[10]	2014	Achalasia	Dysphagia, regurgitation aspiration, chest pain, and weight loss
Muir et al[9]	2018	Eosinophilic esophagitis	Dysphagia
Yeoh et al[11]	2017	Pill-injury esophageal strictures	Regurgitation, retrosternal pain
He et al[12]	2018	Caustic strictures	Dysphagia, hematemesis
Siddiqui et al[13]	2012	Anastomotic strictures	Dysphagia, when a standard endoscope could not pass through the post-ESD scar
Nandy et al[14]	2017	Crohn's disease induced esophageal strictures	Dysphagia and odynophagia
Obiorah et al[15]	2017	IgG4-related esophagitis	Dysphagia
Agarwalla et al[16]	2015	Radiation-induced esophageal strictures	Dysphagia
Abbes et al[17]	2017	Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis	Dysphagia and weight loss
Michalak et al[18]	2018	Epidermolysis bullosa	Dysphagia, skin blistering, joint contractures and missing nails

ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection.