Ocular health in outer space and beyond gravity: A minireview

Table 1 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome

Ref.	Mission duration	Sample size	SANS prevalence	Key ocular findings	Imaging used
Mader et al[16]	Long-duration ISS	n = 7	Approximately 60%	ODE, globe flattening, choroidal folds	Fundus, MRI
Martin Paez et al[13]	Mixed missions	Review	30%-70%	ODE, hyperopia	Multimodal
Macias et al[2]	Long-duration ISS	n = 8	Approximately 62%	ONH edema, refractive shift	OCT, MRI
Ferguson et al[22]	6-month ISS mission	n = 11	Approximately 55%	Optic disc edema	OCT

ISS: International Space Station; ODE: Optic disc edema; ONH: Optic nerve head; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; OCT: Optical coherence tomography.

Table 2 Imaging modalities and structural ocular changes in spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome

Imaging modality	Structural changes	Ref.	Clinical significance
OCT	RNFL thickening, ODE	Macias et al[2]; Mader et al[16]	Early detection
MRI	Posterior globe flattening	Kramer et al[18]	Confirms ICP effects
Fundus photography	Choroidal folds	Mader et al[16]	Structural deformation
Ultrasound	ON sheath diameter increase	Fall et al[23]	Surrogate ICP marker

OCT: Optical coherence tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ODE: Optic disc edema; ON: Optic nerve; ICP: Intracranial pressure.