Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Potential mechanisms of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell in diabetes mellitus

Number	Characteristics
1	Transform to pancreatic cells
2	Promote regeneration of pancreatic cells
3	Promote dedifferentiation of pancreatic cells
4	Immunomodulation to suppress pancreatic cell destruction
5	Reduce insulin resistance

Table 2 Studies of stem cell therapy in diabetes mellitus

Ref.	Source	Method	Observations
Ma et al[23]	hUC-MSC	-	hUC-MSC showed the greatest metabolic benefit
Tao et al[24]	Rat	-	Dorsal tail vein injection best outcomes
Pan et al[25]	Tree shrews	-	Islet-like cells reduced inflammation and improved metabolic control
Isildar et al[26]	Rat	-	Promoted regeneration of cells and had immunomodulatory effects
Li et al[27]	Mice	-	De-differentiation of cells in type 2 diabetes
Yin et al[28]	Mice	-	Homing of hUC-MCH to cells
Song et al[29]	Cell study	-	Improved cell mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperglucagonemia
Chen et al[30]	Mice	-	Ameliorated insulin resistance
Tao et al[31]	Rat	-	Downregulated inflammation and reduced cell apoptosis
Gao et al[32]	Mice	-	Addition of decitabine increased the duration of metabolic control
Aierken et al[33]	Mice	-	Addition of melatonin improved metabolic control via PI3K/AKT signalling pathway
Zhou et al[34]	Mice	-	Pretreatment with ginsenoside had metabolic benefits
Sun et al[35]	Rat	-	Fufang Xueshuantong capsule ameliorated aortic lesions in T2DM
Chen et al[36]	Human	-	Addition of liraglutide improved cell function
Ko et al[37]	Mice	-	Attenuated progression of diabetic kidney disease
Nie et al[38]	Rat	-	Attenuated renal oxidative damage and apoptosis
Zhao et al[39]	Rat	-	Promoted differentiation of retinopathy model to nerve cells
Feng et al[40]	Rat	-	Ameliorated erectile dysfunction
Li et al[41]	Mice	-	Ameliorated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Cai et al[42]	Human	-	Safe, improved metabolic control for upto 1 year in T1DM
Kong et al[43]	Human	-	Improved metabolic control for upto 1 year in T2DM
Wang et al[44]	Human	-	Subjects with greater AUCC-pep had better response
Papadopoulou and Papadopoulos[45]	Human	-	Adherence to lifestyle advice to be considered
Lu et al[46]	Human	Open-label, parallel-armed, prospective, T1DM	At one year, C-peptide increased
Zang et al[47]	Human	Single-centre, double-blinded randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial, T2DM	Five times as many study group subjects had HbA1c below 7%
Lian et al[48]	Human	Open-label randomized phase 2 trial for 24 months	Safe, well tolerated without serious adverse effects
Nada et al[49]	Human	Meta-analysis, T1DM and T2DM	Lowering of HbA1C, but no improvement of C-peptide
Chin et al[50]	Human	Retrospective registry, T1DM and T2DM	Sustained metabolic benefits for upto 12 months

hUC-MSC: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell; P13K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; AUCC: C-peptide area under the curve; HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin.