Comparison of electrogastrography findings in patients with dyspepsia with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants and bivariate analysis of study cohorts, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics	Overall	T2DM, n = 38	Non-T2DM, n = 38	P value
Age (year)	49.855 ± 15.851	56.736 ± 14.128	42.973 ± 14.574	< 0.001
18-49	37 (48.7)	10 (26.3)	27 (71.0)	0.001
≥ 50	39 (51.3)	28 (73.7)	11 (29.0)
Sex				0.814
Male	30 (39.5)	16 (42.1)	14 (36.8)
Female	46 (60.5)	22 (57.9)	24 (63.2)
BMI Asia-Pacific category				0.006
Underweight	5 (6.6)	3 (7.9)	2 (5.3)
Normal	11 (14.5)	2 (5.3)	9 (23.7)
Overweight	15 (19.7)	3 (7.9)	12 (31.5)
Obesity I	29 (38.2)	18 (47.4)	11 (29.0)
Obesity II	16 (21.1)	12 (31.5)	4 (10.5)
HbA1c (%)	6.95 (2.2)	6.95 (2.2)
SF-LDQ score	16.408 ± 6.907	15.157 ± 6.680	17.657 ± 6.991	0.115
Dyspepsia severity				0.097
Mild	13 (17.1)	8 (21.1)	5 (13.2)
Moderate	23 (30.3)	14 (36.8)	9 (23.7)
Severe	40 (52.7)	16 (42.1)	24 (63.2)
Dominant symptom				0.105
None	1 (1.3)	0 (0)	1 (2.6)
Heartburn	13 (17.1)	4 (10.5)	9 (23.7)
Indigestion	34 (44.7)	22 (57.9)	12 (31.5)
Regurgitation	12 (15.8)	4 (10.5)	8 (21.1)
Nausea	16 (21.1)	8 (21.1)	8 (21.1)
EGG result				0.005
Bradygastria	47 (61.8)	30 (78.9)	17 (44.7)
Normogastria	18 (23.7)	5 (13.2)	13 (34.2)
Tachygastria	11 (14.5)	3 (7.9)	8 (21.1)

BMI: Body mass index; EGG: Electrogastrography; HbA1c: Haemoglobin A1c; SF-LDQ: Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Prevalence ratio of different gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with dyspepsia, with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

Comparison	T2DM, n = 38	Non-T2DM, n = 38	PR (95%CI)	P value
Bradygastria vs others	30 (78.9)	17 (44.7)	1.765 (1.195-2.606)	0.004
Normogastria vs others	5 (13.2)	13 (34.2)	0.385 (0.152-0.973)	0.044
Tachygastria vs others	3 (7.9)	8 (21.1)	0.375 (0.108-1.307)	0.124

PR: Prevalence ratio; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Bivariate analysis of electrogastrography results, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics	Bradygastria, n = 47	Normogastria, n = 18	Tachygastria, n = 11	P value
Age (years)	51.553 ± 16.241	48.277 ± 15.461	45.181 ± 14.919	0.439
18-49	21 (44.7)	8 (44.4)	6 (54.5)	0.830
≥ 50	26 (55.3)	10 (55.6)	5 (45.5)
Sex				0.376
Male	22 (46.8)	3 (16.7)	5 (45.5)
Female	25 (53.2)	15 (83.3)	6 (54.5)
BMI Asia-Pacific category				0.084
Underweight	3 (6.4)	1 (5.6)	1 (9.1)
Normal	3 (6.4)	4 (22.2)	4 (36.4)
Overweight	8 (17.0)	6 (33.3)	1 (9.1)
Obesity I	22 (46.8)	5 (27.8)	2 (18.2)
Obesity II	11 (23.4)	2 (11.1)	3 (27.3)
T2DM status				0.005
Non-T2DM	17 (36.2)	13 (72.2)	8 (72.7)
T2DM	30 (63.8)	5 (27.8)	3 (27.3)
SF-LDQ score	15.723 ± 6.199	17.611 ± 8.111	17.363 ± 7.966	0.550
Dyspepsia severity				0.519
Mild	8 (17.0)	2 (11.1)	3 (27.3)
Moderate	17 (36.2)	4 (22.2)	2 (18.2)
Severe	22 (46.8)	12 (66.7)	6 (54.4)
Dominant symptom				0.368
None	1 (2.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Heartburn	7 (14.9)	4 (22.2)	2 (18.2)
Indigestion	24 (51.1)	8 (44.4)	2 (18.2)
Regurgitation	5 (10.6)	4 (22.2)	3 (27.3)
Nausea	10 (21.3)	2 (11.1)	4 (36.4)

BMI: Body mass index; SF-LDQ: Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of electrogastrography results comparing bradygastria with other forms of gastric rhythms

Variables	Adjusted PR (95%CI)	P value
T2DM	1.739 (1.079-2.804)	0.023
Age (years)
18-49	0.690 (0.437-1.090)	0.112
≥ 50	Reference group	1
BMI Asia-Pacific category
Underweight	1.088 (0.277-5.967)	0.826
Normal	0.550 (0.180-1.683)	0.295
Overweight	1.100 (0.546-2.216)	0.791
Obesity I	1.346 (0.868-2.088)	0.185
Obesity II	Reference group	1
SF-LDQ score	0.968 (0.914-1.026)	0.276
Dyspepsia severity
Mild	0.813 (0.352-1.878)	0.628
Moderate	0.964 (0.550-1.690)	0.899
Severe	Reference group	1

BMI: Body mass index; PR: Prevalence ratio; SF-LDQ: Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Multivariate analysis of electrogastrography results comparing normogastria with other form of gastric rhythms

Variables	Adjusted PR (95%CI)	P value
T2DM	0.445 (0.164-1.207)	0.112
Age (year)
18-49	1.862 (0.761-4.555)	0.173
≥ 50	Reference group	1
BMI Asia-Pacific category
Underweight	1.162 (0.120-11.292)	0.245
Normal	1.897 (0.308-11.665)	0.897
Overweight	1.937 (0.375-9.994)	0.490
Obesity I	0.976 (0.213-4.471)	0.430
Obesity II	Reference group	1
SF-LDQ score	1.000 (0.878-1.140)	0.994
Dyspepsia severity
Mild	0.354 (0.044-2.859)	0.330
Moderate	0.657 (0.149-2.896)	0.579
Severe	Reference group	1

BMI: Body mass index; PR: Prevalence ratio; SF-LDQ: Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 6 Bivariate analysis of glycaemic control, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics	Controlled blood sugar, n = 14	Uncontrolled blood sugar, n = 24	P value
Age (years)	60.357 ± 14.867	54.625 ± 13.548	0.943
18–49	3 (21.4)	7 (29.2)	0.715
≥ 50	11 (78.6)	17 (70.8)
Sex			1.000
Male	6 (42.9)	10 (41.7)
Female	8 (57.1)	14 (58.3)
BMI Asia-Pacific category			0.882
Underweight	1 (7.1)	2 (8.3)
Normal	1 (7.1)	1 (4.1)
Overweight	2 (14.3)	1 (4.1)
Obesity I	6 (42.9)	12 (50.0)
Obesity II	4 (28.6)	8 (33.3)
SF-LDQ score	14.214 ± 8.097	15.708 ± 5.820	0.513
Dyspepsia severity			0.036
Mild	6 (42.9)	2 (8.3)
Moderate	3 (21.4)	11 (45.8)
Severe	5 (35.7)	11 (45.8)
Dominant symptom			0.792
None	0 (0)	0 (0)
Heartburn	1 (7.1)	3 (12.5)
Indigestion	9 (64.3)	13 (54.2)
Regurgitation	2 (14.3)	2 (8.3)
Nausea	2 (14.3)	6 (25.0)
EGG result			1.000
Bradygastria	11 (78.6)	19 (79.2)
Normogastria	2 (14.3)	3 (12.5)
Tachygastria	1 (7.1)	2 (8.3)

BMI: Body mass index; EGG: Electrogastrography; SF-LDQ: Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire.