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World J Clin Cases. Aug 6, 2026; 14(22): 122765
Published online Aug 6, 2026. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.122765
Comparison of electrogastrography findings in patients with dyspepsia with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus
Taswin Prawira, Achmad Fauzi, Dadang Makmun, Cleopas Martin Rumende, Evy Yunihastuti, Hasan Maulahela, Arya Govinda Roosheroe, Adityo Susilo, Pauline Phoebe Halim
Taswin Prawira, Division of Gastroenterology, Pancreatobiliary and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
Achmad Fauzi, Division of Gastroenterology, Pancreatobiliary and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
Dadang Makmun, Hasan Maulahela, Division of Gastroenterology, Pancreatobiliary and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
Cleopas Martin Rumende, Evy Yunihastuti, Adityo Susilo, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
Arya Govinda Roosheroe, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia
Pauline Phoebe Halim, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10630, Indonesia
Author contributions: Prawira T contributed to the methodology design, data curation and formal analysis, follow-up, and writing, reviewing, and editing of the manuscript; Fauzi A, Makmun D, Rumende CM and Yunihastuti E were involved in the study conceptualization and overall supervision, methodology design, formal data analysis, and reviewing and editing of the manuscript; Maulahela H contributed to study protocol design, and provided critical input on patient selection criteria and gastrointestinal endoscopy methodology; Roosheroe AG contributed to the patient selection criteria pertaining to elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and assisted in data interpretation; Susilo A contributed refinement of the manuscript’s content in the background, clinical context, conceptual framework, and statistical analysis; Halim PP contributed to the data curation, extraction, and formal analysis, and writing of the manuscript; all authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
AI contribution statement: AI tool (Grammarly) was used for language refinement assistance. No AI tool was involved in the production of research data, result interpretation, or conclusion formulation. All AI-generated outputs were critically reviewed and revised by the authors.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, under Ethical (approval No. KET-907/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2025).
Informed consent statement: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrolment in the study.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the study.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement- checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: The dataset used in this study contains information derived from participants’ medical records. Owing to privacy and ethical restrictions, the data are not publicly available. Access to the dataset may be granted upon reasonable request and with permission from the relevant institutions.
Corresponding author: Achmad Fauzi, Division of Gastroenterology, Pancreatobiliary and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Pangeran Diponegoro No. 71, Kenari, Senen, Jakarta 10430, Jakarta, Indonesia.
ppfauzidrgm@gmail.com
Received: April 28, 2026
Revised: June 18, 2026
Accepted: July 6, 2026
Published online: August 6, 2026
Processing time: 97 Days and 17.8 Hours
BACKGROUND
Dyspepsia encompasses a wide range of high-prevalence upper gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) owing to diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Despite its disruption to daily life, limited studies have compared patients with dyspepsia with and without T2DM, largely due to high-cost, availability, and radiation exposure of the gold standard gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES). Although less accurate than GES, electrogastrography (EGG) examination is more affordable, non-invasive, and radiation-free instead, recording gastric myoelectrical activity to assess gastric motility dysfunction, and making it a promising preliminary evaluation tool for detecting gastric motility dysfunction.
AIM
To investigate gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with dyspepsia with and without T2DM using EGG.
METHODS
Clinical and demographic data of study participants were collected from August to December 2025 at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital and Mitra Keluarga Hospital Kemayoran through consecutive sampling. Eligible subjects were patients who provided informed consent, had complete medical records, completed the Indonesian version of the Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire, and underwent EGG recordings. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS version 26.0, including bivariate comparative analyses and multivariate analysis with robust variance estimation Poisson regression.
RESULTS
In total, 76 subjects (38 in each group) were included. Patients in the T2DM group were older (P = 0.001), predominantly obese (P = 0.006), and had higher rates of indigestion (P = 0.021) and bradygastria (P = 0.005). EGG results were similar across demographic characteristics (P > 0.05), while T2DM status remained independently associated with bradygastria in multivariate analysis. Compared with other forms of gastric myoelectrical activity, patients with T2DM had a higher likelihood of bradygastria (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.739; 95%CI: 1.079-2.804; P = 0.023). Additionally, good glycaemic control (glycated haemoglobin of < 6.5%) in patients with T2DM was associated with milder dyspepsia (P = 0.036).
CONCLUSION
T2DM is significantly associated with bradygastria in patients with dyspepsia. Good glycaemic control is associated with milder dyspeptic symptoms in patients with T2DM.
Core Tip: This study compared dyspepsia in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using electrogastrography (EGG). The results highlight the association between T2DM and gastric myoelectrical activity. While age, sex, and body mass index may act as confounding factors, T2DM was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of bradygastria on EGG findings. Furthermore, the severity of dyspeptic symptoms in T2DM was associated with glycaemic control. These findings demonstrate the potential role of EGG as a non-invasive preliminary evaluation tool for gastric motility abnormalities and provide further insight into the characteristics of dyspepsia in T2DM.
