Beyond survival: Pain as the main determinant of long-term quality of life after thoracic trauma surgery

Table 1 Univariable analysis of predictors of EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level Questionnaire score

Variable	β coefficient (estimate)	SE	95%CI	P value
Age (per year)	-0.006	0.003	-0.012 to 0.000	0.072
Sex (male vs female)	-0.105	0.120	-0.348 to 0.138	0.380
Number of comorbidities	-0.095	0.060	-0.216 to 0.026	0.118
Pain score (NRS)	-0.082	0.032	-0.147 to -0.017	0.015
Exertional dyspnea (yes vs no)	-0.045	0.140	-0.326 to 0.236	0.745
Total hospital stay (days)	-0.002	0.002	-0.006 to 0.002	0.288
ICU stay (days)	-0.003	0.004	-0.011 to 0.005	0.430

NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 2 Univariable analysis of predictors of pain score (Numerical Rating Scale)

Variable	β coefficient (estimate)	SE	95%CI	P value
Age (per year)	-0.014	0.025	-0.064 to 0.036	0.580
Sex (male vs female)	-0.280	0.570	-1.439 to 0.879	0.640
Number of comorbidities	-0.785	0.366	-1.535 to -0.035	0.041
EQ-5D-3 L score	-2.190	0.840	-3.890 to -0.490	0.013
Exertional dyspnea (yes vs no)	0.190	0.560	-0.940 to 1.320	0.745
Total hospital stay (days)	0.010	0.020	-0.030 to 0.050	0.520
ICU stay (days)	0.020	0.030	-0.040 to 0.080	0.480

EQ-5D-3 L: EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level Questionnaire; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 3 Multivariable analysis of predictors of EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level Questionnaire score

Variable	β coefficient	SE	95%CI	P value
Age (per year)	-0.007	0.004	-0.015 to 0.001	0.086
Sex (male vs female)	-0.109	0.120	-0.355 to 0.137	0.370
Number of comorbidities	-0.111	0.080	-0.274 to 0.052	0.170
Pain score (NRS)	-0.079	0.031	-0.143 to -0.015	0.016
Exertional dyspnea (yes vs no)	-0.030	0.150	-0.338 to 0.278	0.850
Total hospital stay (days)	-0.001	0.002	-0.005 to 0.003	0.720
ICU stay (days)	-0.002	0.004	-0.010 to 0.006	0.590

NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 4 Multivariable analysis of predictors of pain score (Numerical Rating Scale)

Variable	β coefficient	SE	95%CI	P value
Age (per year)	-0.012	0.023	-0.058 to 0.034	0.590
Sex (male vs female)	-0.291	0.605	-1.517 to 0.935	0.640
Number of comorbidities	-0.810	0.380	-1.584 to -0.036	0.041
EQ-5D-3 L score	-2.189	0.865	-3.919 to -0.459	0.013

EQ-5D-3 L: EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level Questionnaire.