Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Clin Cases. Sep 6, 2025; 13(25): 106335
Published online Sep 6, 2025. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v13.i25.106335
Table 1 Modified Faine’s criteria scoring system to diagnose leptospirosis
Part A: Clinical features
Score
Part B: Epidemiological factors
Score
Headache2Contact with contaminated environment4
Fever ≥ 39°C2Occupation involving animals or contaminated water4
Conjunctival suffusion4Rainfall5
Muscle pain4Part C: Laboratory findingsScore
Meningism4Positive IgM ELISA15
Jaundice1Positive PCR15
Albuminuria or nitrogen retention2Culture positive10
Hemorrhages2MAT titer ≥ 1:40015
Cough, hemoptysis, or breathlessness2MAT titer ≥ 1:80020
Interpretation of scores
Presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis: Total score (Parts A + B + C) ≥ 25; Total score (Parts A + B) ≥ 26Possible diagnosis of leptospirosis: Total score between 20 and 25
Table 2 Frequency of different symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings of the cohort, n (%)
Clinical variable
Frequency, n = 62
No. of patients from Himalayan region, n = 20
No. of patients from Sub-Himalayan region, n = 42
P value
Fever (> 39 °C)61 (98.39)20 (100.00)41 (97.62)1
Headache20 (32.26)7 (35.00)13 (30.95)0.977565281
Conjunctival suffusion9 (14.52)4 (20.00)5 (11.90)0.452540931
Neck rigidity4 (6.45)0 (0.00)4 (9.52)0.295162635
Myalgia26 (41.94)9 (45.00)17 (40.48)0.950434811
Jaundice13 (20.97)6 (30.00)7 (16.67)0.383257647
Dyspnea15 (24.19)7 (35.00)8 (19.05)0.291929299
Increased liver enzyme (> 3 × upper limit)39 (62.90)14 (70.00)25 (59.52)0.60511935
Thrombocytopenia45 (72.58)14 (70.00)31 (73.81)0.992162843
Edema7 (11.29)4 (20.00)3 (7.14)0.198564612
Abdominal pain27 (43.55)11 (55.00)16 (38.10)0.326599126
AKI25 (40.32)10 (50.00)15 (35.71)0.426604756
Hemodialysis Required14 (22.58)8 (40.00)6 (14.29)0.052520105
Altered sensorium16 (25.81)6 (30.00)10 (23.81)0.833434549
ARDS12 (19.35)7 (35.00)5 (11.90)0.070626099
CKD4 (6.45)2 (10.00)2 (4.76)0.588416137
DIC8 (12.90)2 (10.00)5 (11.90)1
MODS41 (66.13)13 (65.00)28 (66.67)1
HDU or ICU requirement37 (59.67)13 (65.00)24 (57.14)0.754549351
Table 3 Mortality rate amongst different subgroup of the cohort, n (%)
Clinical variable
Frequency, n = 62
No. of patients from Himalayan region, n = 20
No. of patients from sub-Himalayan region, n = 42
P value
Mortality 13 (20.97)7 (35.00)6 (14.29)0.094
Table 4 Mortality rate as per system involvement in the cohort
System involvement
Discharged
Expired
Total
Mortality (%)
Hematological + renal2072725.93
Hematological + renal + hepatic1672330.43
Hematological + renal + hepatic + respiratory63933.33