Correlative factors of poor prognosis and abnormal cellular immune function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Table 1 Clinical data and related characteristics of the Alzheimer’s disease patients

Characteristics	Patients
Sex (male/female)	24/38
Age, mean, range (yr)	71 (55-92)
Interval between onset and hospitalization	87, 5-547
Mean, range (d)
Initial symptom
Hypomnesis, n (%)	19 (30.6)
Apparent personality change	15 (24.2)
Abnormal mental behavior	28 (45.1)
Personality abnormality, n (%)	34 (54.8)
Recent memory deficits, n (%)	54 (87.1)
Hallucination, n (%)	26 (41.9)
Delusion of victimization, n (%)	19 (30.6)
Disturbance of consciousness, n (%)	10 (16.1)
Depressed, n (%)	20 (32.2)
Abnormal EEG results, n (%)	48 (77.4)
(θ + δ)/(α + β) more than 1.8, n (%)	42 (67.7)
Abnormal brain MRI results, n (%)	52 (83.9)
Encephalatrophy, n (%)	43 (69.4)
Abnormality of hippocampus, n (%)	36 (58.1)
Ratio of NAA/Cr decreased, n (%)	59 (95.2)
NLR (median interquartile)	2.25 (1.59-2.97)
Proportion of T lymphocytes in blood	0.55 (0.47-0.63)
Proportion of B lymphocytes in blood	0.13 (0.09-0.18)
Proportion of NK cell in blood	0.11 (0.07-0.17)

EEG: Electroencephalogram; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NLR: Neurtrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NAA: N-acetylaspartate; Cr: Creatine; NK: Natural killer.

Table 2 Univariate analysis of prognostic factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease

Variables	Good prognosis (n = 27)	Poor prognosis (n = 35)	P value
Age (yr)	71.2 ± 15.3	70.6 ± 16.7	0.829
Sex, n (%)
Male	11 (40.7)	15 (42.9)	0.867
Female	16 (59.3)	20 (57.1)
Duration from onset to admission, n (%)
< 90 d	18 (66.7)	22 (62.9)	0.755
≥ 90 d	9 (33.3)	13 (37.1)
Personality abnormality
Yes	15	19	0.092
No	12	16
Recent memory deficits
Yes	22	32	0.247
No	5	3
Hallucination
Yes	7	19	0.025
No	20	16
Delusion of victimization
Yes	5	14	0.069
No	22	21
Disturbance of consciousness
Yes	2	8	0.101
No	25	27
Depressed
Yes	8	12	0.698
No	19	23
Abnormal EEG results
Yes	16	32	0.003
No	11	3
(θ + δ)/(α + β) from EEG
≥ 1.8	14	28	0.019
< 1.8	13	7
Abnormal brain MRI results
Yes	24	28	0.346
No	3	7
Encephalatrophy
Yes	20	23	0.479
No	7	12
Abnormality of hippocampus
Yes	8	28	0.001
No	19	7
NAA/Cr ratio decreased
Yes	25	34	0.408
No	2	1
NLR (median IQR)	2.19 (1.51-2.87)	2.34 (1.62-3.28)	0.379
Proportion of T lymphocytes in blood	0.63 (0.38-0.77)	0.37 (0.24-0.49)	0.008
Proportion of B lymphocytes in blood	0.11 (0.08-0.18)	0.14 (0.10-0.23)	0.282
Proportion of NK cell in blood	0.15 (0.08-0.19)	0.10 (0.06-0.16)	0.075

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; EEG: Electroencephalogram; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; Cr: Creatine; NK: Natural killer. P values < 0.05 are considered statistically significant.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with a poor prognosis

Variables	OR	95%CI	P value
Hallucination	2.961	0.265-18.397	0.723
Abnormal EEG results	1.983	0.079-7.531	0.682
Abnormal brain MRI results	12.369	0.592-39.127	0.849
Abnormality of hippocampus	5.394	0.275-78.364	0.231
NAA/Cr ratio decreased	1.398	0.056-135.284	0.816
Proportion of T lymphocytes in blood	3.265	1.156-5.681	0.038

95%CI: 95% confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; EEG: electroencephalogram; NAA: N-acetylaspartate; Cr: Creatine.