Deep learning-assisted diagnosis of femoral trochlear dysplasia based on magnetic resonance imaging measurements

Table 1 General information of the participants

Obvervational index	Training set (n = 370)	Test set (n = 94)	P value
Age (yr)	39 [28.8-50.0]	38.2 [27-48]	0.6461
Female (n, %)	217 (58.6)	46 (48.9)	0.0902

¹Mann-Whitney U test.

²Chi-square test.

Table 2 Comparison of diagnosis time and error of the artificial intelligence model, junior doctors and intermediate doctors

Obvervational index	Junior doctor	Intermediate doctor	Artificial intelligence model	P value
Diagnosis time (seconds)	102.97 ± 21.26	86.64 ± 12.14	0.14 ± 0.11	< 0.0011
Error of Trochlear depth (mm)	0.54 [0.23-1.00]	0.54 [0.14-0.99]	0.32 [0.11-0.54]	< 0.0012
Error of asymmetry of the facet length	0.09 [0.54-0.17]	0.07 [0.03-0.16]	0.05 [0.03-0.13]	0.0062
Error of lateral trochlear inclination (°)	1.77 [0.85-2.79]	1.71 [0.90-3.02]	0.90 [0.42-1.84]	0.0032

¹One-way ANOVA.

²Kendall's W test.

Table 3 Diagnostic effect of junior doctors, intermediate doctors and artificial intelligence models

Group	Sensitivity	Specificity	Positive predictive value	Negative predictive value	Accuracy	AUC	Kappa
Junior doctor	0.65	0.92	0.86	0.76	0.80	0.79	0.58
Intermediate doctor	0.63	0.96	0.93	0.75	0.81	0.79	0.60
Artificial intelligence model	0.79	0.96	0.94	0.84	0.88	0.88	0.76

AUC: Area under curve.

Table 4 Intergroup comparison of the artificial intelligence model and senior doctors

Obvervational index	Artificial intelligence model	Senior doctor	P value
Trochlear depth (mm)	4.41 ± 1.85	4.34 ± 2.10	0.4241
Asymmetry of the facet length	0.57 ± 0.17	0.60 ± 0.18	0.0241
Lateral trochlear inclination (°)	16.31 ± 5.92	16.00 ± 6.02	0.2351

¹Student's t test.

Table 5 Intragroup correlation coefficient and 95% confidence interval of the measures for the junior doctors, intermediate doctors and artificial intelligence models compared with senior doctors

Group	Trochlear depth (mm)	Asymmetry of the facet length	Lateral trochlear inclination (°)
Junior doctor	0.87 (0.78-0.92)a	0.57 (0.32-0.73)a	0.82 (0.75-0.88)a
Intermediate doctor	0.88 (0.82-0.90)a	0.41 (0.16-0.60)a	0.87 (0.79-0.92)a
Artificial intelligence model	0.91 (0.86-0.94)a	0.71 (0.59-0.80)a	0.91 (0.87-0.94)a

^aP < 0.001.

Table 6 The intragroup consistency of the measured parameters between junior doctors, intermediate doctors and the artificial intelligence model

	Junior doctor	Intermediate doctor	Artificial intelligence model
Kappa	0.76	0.78	1.00

Table 7 Intragroup correlation coefficient and 95% confidence interval of the two measurements before and after for junior doctors, intermediate doctors and artificial intelligence model

Group	Trochlear depth (mm)	Asymmetry of the facet length	Lateral trochlear inclination (°)
Junior doctor	0.93 (0.89-0.95)a	0.71 (0.60-0.80)a	0.90 (0.85-0.93)a
Intermediate doctor	0.92 (0.88-0.95)a	0.62 (0.47-0.73)a	0.89 (0.84-0.93)a
Artificial intelligence model	1.00 (1.00-1.00)a	1.00 (1.00-1.00)a	1.00 (1.00-1.00)a

^aP < 0.001.