Progress in the study and treatment of peri-device leak after left atrial appendage closure

Table 1 Studies reporting the peri-device leak after left atrial appendage closure

Ref.	Study population	Type of study	Type of LAA closure	Incidence of PDL	Findings
Holmes et al[8]	485	Randomized controlled study	Watchman	14%: ≥ 5 mm	No difference between patients with any PDL in terms of primary effectiveness
Dukkipati et al[12]	1205	Randomized controlled study	Watchman	0.7%: > 5 mm; 27.7%: 1-5 mm; and 71.6%: no PDL	PDL ≤ 5 mm was associated with an increased risk of stroke, systemic embolism, cardiovascular, unexplained death, or all-cause mortality
Korsholm et al[13]	153	Retrospective study	Amplatzer Amulet, Amplatzer Cardiac Plug	61%	PDL did not increase the incidence of events related to thromboembolism.
Wang et al[14]	152	Retrospective study	LAmbre	15.7%: > 3 mm	PDL was not associated with an increased risk for thromboembolic events
Alkhouli et al[15]	51333	Retrospective studies	Watchman, ACP	73.4%: no PDL; 25.8%: moderate; and 0.7%: severe	Patients with PDL at 1 yr had a 2-fold increase in ischemic stroke/SE at 5 yr compared with patients without PDL
Miller et al[17]	43	Retrospective study	Watchman FLX	More than 40%	3 TIAs (6.98%) and 3 strokes (6.98%) were documented each within the 6-mo to 1-yr period

TIA: Transient ischemic attack; PDL: Peri-device leak; SE: Systemic embolization; LAA: Left atrial appendage.