Role of serum β2-microglobulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in diabetic nephropathy

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data among the five groups (mean ± SE)

Group	n	Age (yr)	BMI (kg/m2)	Sex (male/female)
Normal urinary protein group	32	49.34 ± 4.28	24.33 ± 1.65	15/17
Microproteinuria group	35	49.22 ± 4.34	24.31 ± 1.51	15/20
Massive proteinuria group	40	49.25 ± 4.29	24.52 ± 1.52	29/11
Healthy group	107	49.72 ± 4.11	24.49 ± 1.62	55/52
Simple diabetes group	107	49.88 ± 4.69	24.59 ± 1.97	57/50
χ2/F value	-	0.281	0.259	8.142
P value	-	0.890	0.904	0.087

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of changes in β2-microglobulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the disease, healthy, and simple diabetes groups (mean ± SE)

Group	n	β2-MG (mg/L)	HbA1c (%)	VEGF (ng/L)
Disease group	107	4.34 ± 1.53	10.84 ± 1.81	176.69 ± 11.84
Simple diabetes group	107	2.56 ± 1.14	8.40 ± 1.24	137.84 ± 10.36
Healthy groups	107	1.11 ± 0.82	4.58 ± 0.95	109.32 ± 12.44
F value		195.518	558.284	912.281
P value		0.000	0.000	0.000
LSD-t (disease vs simple diabetes)		10.862	12.921	24.535
P value		0.000	0.000	0.000
LSD-t (disease vs healthy)		19.742	33.148	42.548
P value		0.000	0.000	0.000
LSD-t (healthy vs simple diabetes)		8.879	20.228	18.013
P value		0.000	0.000	0.000

LSD-t: Least significant difference; β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

Table 3 Comparison of β2-microglobulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels among the different disease groups (mean ± SE)

Group	n	β2-MG (mg/L)	HbA1c (%)	VEGF (ng/L)
Normal urinary protein group	32	3.37 ± 1.32	9.26 ± 1.33	170.16 ± 10.62
Microproteinuria group	35	4.19 ± 1.39	10.57 ± 1.21	175.45 ± 10.39
Massive proteinuria group	40	5.26 ± 1.29	12.34 ± 1.35	182.99 ± 10.97
F value		18.250	51.067	13.179
P value		0.000	0.000	0.000
LSD-t (normal urinary protein vs Microproteinuria)		2.516	4.119	2.025
P value		0.013	0.000	0.045
LSD-t (normal urinary protein vs massive proteinuria)		5.981	9.994	5.066
P value		0.000	0.000	0.000
LSD-t (microproteinuria vs massive proteinuria)		3.471	5.887	3.051
P value		0.001	0.000	0.003

LSD-t: Least significant difference; β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

Table 4 Correlation analysis

Index	β2-MG (mg/L)		HbA1c (%)		VEGF (ng/L)
	r value	P value	r value	P value	r value	P value
Disease progression	0.705	0.000	0.707	0.000	0.518	0.000

β2-MG: β2-microglobulin; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.