Incidence of portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy and its influence on transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent patency

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is widely accepted as an alternative to surgery for management of complications of portal hypertension. TIPS has been used to treat portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in many centers since the 1990s. Although TIPS has good therapeutic effects on the formation of PVT, the effect of PVT on TIPS stenting has rarely been reported. Patients with splenectomy and pericardial devascu-larization have a high incidence of PVT, which can markedly affect TIPS stent patency and increase the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion.

AIM

To investigate the incidence of PVT after splenectomy and its influence on the patency rate of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

METHODS

Four hundred and eighty-six patients with portal hypertension for refractory ascites and/or variceal bleeding who required TIPS placement between January 2010 and January 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients without prior splenectomy were defined as group A (n = 289) and those with prior splenectomy as group B (n = 197). The incidence of PVT before TIPS was compared between the two groups. After TIPS placement, primary patency rate was compared using Kaplan–Meier analysis at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, and 2 and 3 years. The clinical outcomes were analyzed.

RESULTS

Before TIPS procedure, the incidence of PVT in group A was lower than in group B (P = 0.003), and TIPS technical success rate in group A was higher than in group B (P = 0.016). The primary patency rate in group A tended to be higher than in group B at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, 2 years and 3 years (P = 0.006, P = 0.011, P = 0.023, P = 0.032, P = 0.037 and P = 0.028, respectively). Recurrence of bleeding and ascites rate in group A was lower than in group B at 3 mo (P ≤ 0.001 and P = 0.001), 6 mo (P = 0.003 and P = 0.005), 9 mo (P = 0.005 and P = 0.012), 12 mo (P = 0.008 and P = 0.024), 2 years (P = 0.011 and P = 0.018) and 3 years (P = 0.016 and P = 0.017), respectively. During 3-years follow-up, the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rate in group A were higher than in group B (P = 0.008, P = 0.021, P = 0.018, respectively), but there was no difference of the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy (P = 0.527).

CONCLUSION

Patients with prior splenectomy have a high incidence of PVT, which potentially increases the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion.

Key Words: Portal hypertension; Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; Splenectomy; Portal vein thrombosis

Core tip: There are several approaches for treatment of portal hypertension related varices and variceal hemorrhage, including drugs, endoscopic variceal ligation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, splenectomy with pericardial devascularization and liver transplantation. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is widely accepted as an alternative to surgery for management of complications of portal hypertension such as variceal bleeding, refractory ascites, Budd–Chiari syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic hydrothorax and even hepatopulmonary syndrome. Patients with splenectomy with pericardial devascularization had a high incidence of portal vein thrombosis, which can markedly affect transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent patency and potentially increase the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion.

INTRODUCTION

Portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis is mainly due to chronic hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease[1]. Esophagogastric varices and ascites secondary to portal hypertension are common major complications of liver cirrhosis[2]. Esophagogastric varices are a serious, life-threatening complication and hypersplenism is often associated with portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients[3].

There are several approaches for treatment of portal hypertension related varices and variceal hemorrhage, including drugs, endoscopic variceal ligation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), splenectomy with pericardial devascularization (SPD) and liver transplantation[4]. SPD without liver transplantation has been widely accepted as a surgical treatment for cirrhosis in patients with variceal bleeding and secondary hypersplenism in China for many years[5]. However, when compared with other treatments, simple splenectomy and SPD are associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications, such as portal vein thrombosis (PVT)[6].

TIPS is widely accepted as an alternative to surgery for management of complications of portal hypertension such as variceal bleeding, refractory ascites, Budd–Chiari syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic hydrothorax and even hepatopulmonary syndrome[7]. TIPS has been used to effectively treat PVT in many centers since the 1990s[8]. PVT is still considered a contraindication to the creation of a TIPS, however the advantages of TIPS for PVT in patients with cirrhosis are evident[9] as it addresses portal hypertension and reconstructs portal vein (PV) flow.

Despite its efficacy in treatment of complications of portal hypertension, TIPS is prone to shunt stenosis or occlusion leading to shunt failure, and approximately half of all patients with TIPS require shunt revision during follow-up[10], which makes close surveillance and frequent costly revisions mandatory[11] especially in patients with PVT despite the use of stent grafts covered with polytetrafluoroethylene. Even with these new stents, post-TIPS shunt obstruction and a high rate of clinical symptom recurrence remain problematic.

Although TIPS has good therapeutic effects on the formation of PVT, the effect of PVT on TIPS stenting has rarely been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of PVT after splenectomy and its influence on the patency rate of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis of portal hypertension.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

A total of 486 patients who underwent a TIPS procedure between January 2010 and January 2016 were enrolled retrospectively. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee, and all the patients provided a written consent at the time of operation in the hospital. All procedures were conducted according to the guidelines approved by the ethics committee. We reviewed the patients’ medical records and medical images to gather information regarding the underlying etiologies, clinical presentations, age, sex and severity of cirrhosis.

Study design

This was a multi-center, retrospective study. Patients with cirrhosis without prior splenectomy served as group A (n = 289), and those with cirrhosis and prior splenectomy served as group B (n = 197). Three hundred and sixty-five patients with portal-hypertension-related complications of recurrent variceal bleeding after band ligation and/or glue injection, 121 patients with refractory ascites and 86 with both who underwent TIPS were included. The incidence of PVT before TIPS was compared between the two groups. After TIPS placement, primary patency rate was compared at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, and 2 and 3 years. The clinical outcomes were analyzed.

Patients with acute PVT, variceal bleeding as an emergency indication, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), severe right-sided heart failure, severe liver failure, polycystic liver disease, dilated biliary ducts, age > 75 years, Child–Pugh score > 11, Model for End-stage Liver Disease score > 18, hepatic carcinoma, sepsis or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and patients who underwent liver transplantation were excluded.

Diagnosis and definitions

Color Doppler ultrasound was performed initially for the diagnosis of PVT. It revealed that the main PV was obstructed along with a reduction or absence of portal flow or disappearance of the native PV and formation of extensive collaterals. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging showed stenosis, filling defects or complete occlusion of the PV with or without collaterals.

Acute PVT was defined by the absence of collateral vessels and any one of the following: (1) Aapid onset of abdominal pain due to PVT within 14 d and intestinal ischemia or infarction without chronic thrombosis; or (2) A high intraluminal density within the PV on non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Chronic PVT was defined by at least one of the following: (1) A low intraluminal density on contrast-enhanced computed tomography; (2) Replacement of the original main PV (MPV) with a fibrotic cord or no identifiable MPV; or (3) Presence of portal cavernoma. Thrombosis in the MPV was further classified as partial occlusion, complete occlusion and fibrotic cord in place of the original MPV.

TIPS procedure

Using standard local anesthesia, TIPS was performed through a transjugular approach, and the technique has been described previously[12]. For PVT patients with cirrhosis, the TIPS procedure was performed as described previously[13]. The entire length of the intrahepatic tract was covered by the 8-mm stent graft (Fluency; BARD, Voisins le Bretonneux, France or Viatorr; W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, United States). The shunts were dilated to full nominal diameter to reach a target portosystemic gradient of < 12 mmHg, and prominent gastroesophageal collateral vessels observed during the TIPS procedure were embolized with coils (Cook Inc., Bloomington, IL, United States).

Direct portography was then performed to confirm if the PV system was entirely patent. After the TIPS procedure, patients were treated with intravenous heparin (4000 U/d; Chase Sun Pharma Co. Ltd, Tianjing, China) and oral warfarin (2.5 mg/d; Orion Pharma Co. Ltd, Orionintie, Finland).

Follow-up

Patients underwent baseline duplex sonography on the day after TIPS. The results were compared with subsequent shunt velocities. After TIPS, patients were followed up using the same protocol for each group via outpatient visit 1 mo after the procedure and then every 3 mo or whenever needed. Clinical examination, blood chemistry test and assessment of HE were carried out during the follow-up period. Ultrasonography was also performed after TIPS or in case of recurrent bleeding or ascites.

Shunt dysfunction or significant recurrent symptoms were used as endpoints for the loss of primary unassisted patency. TIPS angiography was performed in these patients and TIPS revision was made when hemodynamically significant shunt stenosis was > 50% with recurrent variceal bleeding and ascites, and portosystemic pressure gradient was ≥ 15 mmHg without grade III/IV HE (West Haven Criteria)

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Patency time was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the median time was compared by the log-rank test. Variables were subjected to logistic regression analysis. Differences between the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States) was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Between January 2010 and January 2016, there were 289 patients with cirrhosis with no prior splenectomy in group A, and 197 patients with cirrhosis who underwent splenectomy in group B. The etiology, clinical presentations, age, sex and severity of cirrhosis did not differ significantly (Table 1). In group A, the incidence of PVT was 11.0% (65/289). In group B, the incidence of PVT was 44.2% (87/197). The distribution of patients is shown in Figure 1. The incidence of PVT in group B was higher than in group A, and the difference was significant between the two groups (P = 0.003).

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the patients.

Characteristics		Groups		P value
		A	B
n	486	289	197	0.614
Gender	Male	148	108	0.715
	Female	141	89
Age in yr		36.25 ± 15.43	35.20 ± 14.14	0.710
Etiology	Hepatitis B	184	131	0.743
	Hepatitis C	51	32
	Ethanol consumption	34	26
	Cryptogenic hepatitis	10	8
Child-Pugh score	A	37	21	0.584
	B	213	153
	C	35	27
Model for end-stage liver disease score		9.49 ± 2.05	9.35 ± 1.99	0.508
Variceal bleeding	365	215	150	0.329
Refractory ascites	121	76	45	0.672
Both variceal bleeding and refractory ascites	86	52	34	0.481
Laboratory tests
Alanine transaminase as U/L		59.34 ± 11.41	63.05 ± 10.17	0.742
Aspartate transaminase as U/L		72.36 ± 12.09	68.45 ± 13.23	0.689
Alkaline phosphatase as U/L		193.43 ± 24.62	208.49 ± 32.54	0.893
Total bilirubin as μmol/L		14.03 ± 5.15	16.21 ± 4.28	0.754
Albumin as g/L		31.29 ± 1.46	29.19 ± 1.48	0.431
Prothrombin time in s		14.72 ± 3.28	15.43 ± 3.17	0.638
Platelet count as × 109/L		45.27 ± 12.38	38.39 ± 13.47	0.374
Clinical presentation
Abdominal distention		146	85	0.243
Abdominal pain		78	49	0.217
Weakness		46	37	0.158
Poor appetite		163	117	0.362
Jaundice		42	29	0.293
Lower limbs edema		32	24	0.675
Endoscopic therapy		538	372	0.427
Ascites paracentesis		227	147	0.489

Figure 1 Distribution of patients. There were 289 patients with no prior splenectomy in group A and 197 patients with cirrhosis who underwent splenectomy in group B. In group A, 65 cases had portal vein thrombosis. In group B, portal vein thrombosis was seen in 87 cases. TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Of the 289 patients in group A, 255 (88.2%) cases had technically successful TIPS compared with 144 (73.1%) cases in group B. TIPS technical success rate in group A was higher than in group B (P = 0.016). No patient died of severe procedure-related complications within 30 d after TIPS (Figure 2). After TIPS, the mean portosystemic pressure gradient decreased from 32.43 ± 6.64 to 11.15 ± 1.20 mmHg in group A (P = 0.027), and 31.90 ± 4.63 to 10.79 ± 1.18 mmHg in group B (P = 0.025). There were significant differences before and after TIPS (P < 0.05), but there was no difference before and after TIPS between the two groups (P = 0.447, P = 0.605, respectively) (Table 2).

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the patients.

Characteristics	Group		n	Portal vein thrombosis		Portal vein thrombo-sis rate		χ2	P va-lue
				Yes	No
Portal vein thrombosis	A		289	65	224	11.0		25.60	0.003
	B		197	87	110	44.2
				TIPS success		TIPS success rate (%)
				Yes	Not
TIPS	A		289	255	34	88.2		19.28	0.016
	B		197	144	53	73.1
Portosystemic gradient (mmHg) Pre-TIPS	A	255		32.43 ± 6.64					0.447
	B	144		31.90 ± 4.63
Portosystemic gradient (mmHg) Post-TIPS	A	255		11.15 ± 1.20				0.027	0.605
								0.025

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Figure 2 Decompensative liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. A 67-year-old female with decompensative liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis caused by Schistosoma was treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. A, B: The right lobe of the liver atrophied, and the left lobe of the liver was compensatory. Calcified hepatic portal vein, portal vein thrombosis and occlusion of the main portal vein and the collateral circulation formed; C-E: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was performed through the collateral vessels of the hepatic portal vein, which decreased the pressure of portal vein and the collateral vessels were embolized by coils (arrows).

The primary patency rate for group A was 97.6% at 3 mo, 88.6% at 6 mo, 84.3% at 9 mo, 69.4% at 12 mo, 51.0% at 2 years and 30.6% at 3 years. In group B, the patency rate was 88.1% at 3 mo, 78.7% at 6 mo, 68.1% at 9 mo, 45.1% at 12 mo, 26.4% at 2 years and 12.5% at 3 years. Compared with the two groups, there were significant statistical differences at the time 3 mo, 6 mo, 9 mo, 12 mo, 2 year and 3 year (P = 0.006, P = 0.011, P = 0.023, P = 0.032, P = 0.037, P = 0.028, respectively). The median patency time of the total 3 years was 12 mo in group A (95% confidence interval (CI): 10-14) and 4 mo in group B (95%CI: 3-6), and a significant difference was observed in stent dysfunction times between groups A and B (P = 0.009, log-rank test) (Table 3).

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of the patients in stent primary patency rate.

Time	Group	Patency		Patency rate, %	χ2	P value
		Yes	Not
3 mo	A	249	6	97.6	15.18	0.006
	B	127	17	88.1
6 mo	A	226	29	88.6	10.34	0.011
	B	109	35	75.7
9 mo	A	215	40	84.3	14.24	0.023
	B	98	46	68.1
12 mo	A	177	78	69.4	25.93	0.032
	B	65	79	45.1
2 yr	A	130	125	51.0	22.75	0.037
	B	38	106	26.4
3 yr	A	78	177	30.6	21.39	0.028
	B	18	126	12.5
		Median stent patency in mo	Four quantile spacing in mo
Total	A	12	(10, 14)				0.001

Total shunt malfunction occurred 378 times of 289 patients in group A and 419 times of 197 patients in group B. There was a significant difference in stent dysfunction times between groups A and B (P = 0.006, log-rank test). The patients with stent dysfunction underwent balloon dilation. After stent revision, their symptoms disappeared.

Incidence of recurrent bleeding (Table 4) and ascites (Table 5) in group B was higher than in group A at 3 mo (14.6% vs 5.1%, P ≤ 0.001; 16.7% vs 5.9%, P = 0.001), 6 mo (25.7% vs 9.8%, P = 0.003; 24.3% vs 10.2%, P = 0.005), 9 mo (29.8% vs 15.3%, P = 0.005; 35.4% vs 20.0%, P = 0.012), 12 mo (39.6% vs 20.0%, P = 0.008; 43.8% vs 34.1%, P = 0.024), 2 years (45.1% vs 29.0%, P = 0.011; 39.6% vs 27.8%, P = 0.018) and 3 years (59.7% vs 40.0%, P = 0.016; 56.3% vs 40.8%, P = 0.017).

Table 4 Clinical characteristics of the patients in recurrent bleeding rate.

Time	Group	Bleeding		Recurrence of bleeding, %	χ2	P value
		Yes	No
3 mo	A	13	242	5.1	12.13	≤ 0.001
	B	21	123	14.6
6 mo	A	25	230	9.8	19.53	0.003
	B	37	107	25.7
9 mo	A	39	216	15.3	13.18	0.005
	B	43	101	29.8
12 mo	A	51	204	20.0	20.90	0.008
	B	57	87	39.6
2 yr	A	74	181	29.0	12.10	0.011
	B	65	79	45.1
3 yr	A	102	153	40.0	16.20	0.016
	B	86	58	59.7
		Median recurrent bleeding in mo	Four quantile spacing in mo
Total	A	10	(8, 12)
	B	5	(4, 7)			≤ 0.001

Table 5 Clinical characteristics of the patients in recurrence of ascites.

Time	Group	Ascites		Recurrence of ascites, %	χ2	P value
		Yes	No
3 mo	A	15	240	5.9	9.82	0.001
	B	24	120	16.7
6 mo	A	26	229	10.2	16.15	0.005
	B	35	109	24.3
9 mo	A	51	204	20.0	12.16	0.012
	B	51	93	35.4
12 mo	A	87	168	34.1	4.50	0.024
	B	63	81	43.8
2 yr	A	71	184	27.8	6.56	0.018
	B	57	87	39.6
3 yr	A	104	151	40.8	10.02	0.017
	B	81	63	56.3
		Median recurrent of ascites in mo		Four quantile spacing in mo
Total 3 yr	A	11		(6, 16)			0.009
	B	16		(12, 19)

The median time to recurrent bleeding was 10 mo in group A (95%CI: 8-12) and 5 mo in group B (95%CI: 4-7). The median time to recurrence of ascites was 11 mo in group A (95%CI: 6-16) and 16 mo in group B (95%CI: 12-19). There were significant differences in median time to recurrent bleeding and ascites between the two groups (P = 0.009, P ≤ 0.001, log-rank test).

During the 3-year follow-up, the 1-year survival rate was 92.9% versus 85.4%, 2-year survival rate was 83.9% versus 68.1%, and 3-year survival rate was 69.4% versus 56.3% in group A and group B. Compared with group B, the 1-, 2-, and 3–year survival rates in group A were longer (P = 0.008, P = 0.021 and P = 0.011, respectively) (Table 6) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Survival time. During a 3-year follow-up, the 1-year (92.9% vs 85.4%), 2-year (83.9% vs 68.1%) and 3-year (69.4% vs 56.3%) survival rates in group A were higher than in group B.

Table 6 Clinical characteristics of the patients in survival rate and incidence of hepatic encephalopathy.

Characteristics	Group	Survival		Survival rate, %	χ2	P value
		Yes	No
1 yr	A	237	18	92.9	6.98	0.008
	B	123	21	85.4
2 yr	A	214	41	83.9	14.362	0.021
	B	98	46	68.1
3 yr	A	177	78	69.4	7.701	0.018
	B	81	63	56.3
		HE		Morbidity, %
		Yes	Not
HE	A	70	185	27.5	0.40	0.527
	B	35	109	24.3

HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

HE occurred in 70 patients in group A and in 35 patients in group B during follow-up with an incidence of 27.5% and 24.3%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups (P = 0.527). After drug treatment, the symptoms disappeared in patients with grade overt and grade II of HE. In patients with grade III and grade IV of HE, the symptoms disappeared after 18 stents were implanted for shunt reduction.

DISCUSSION

Portal hypertension is a consequence of liver cirrhosis; the mechanisms by which it develops are complicated and associated with changes in the vascular architecture of the liver due to fibrosis and regenerative nodules[14]. Surgical treatments have been designed to prevent many complications. Currently, SPD is the most commonly used method in China[15]. SPD is one of the common treatment methods for patients with cirrhosis with portal-hypertension-related complications and hypersplenism[16] and can correct hypersplenism and reduce PV blood flow and pressure within a short period of time[17].

However, the availability of many treatment methods suggests that no one in particular yields entirely satisfactory outcomes for all patients or in all clinical situations[18]. Splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension does not resolve the risk of PVT, and it can further aggravate portal hypertension, cause PVT, increase the probability of rebleeding and ultimately affects quality of life[19,20]. In the study of resection of spleen, reduction of portal venous pressure depends on the splenic venous blood reflux and portal venous shunt. Resection of the communicating branches from the splenic hilus will cause increased portal venous pressure and portal venous thrombosis.

The incidence of PVT is mostly 12%-72% after splenectomy or SPD, and the risk factors for PVT after splenectomy have been studied[21,22]. Patients with portal hypertension were seeking TIPS treatment in our center. However, it has been found that the probability of PVT is significantly increased after splenectomy. This highlights the difficulties in the TIPS procedure, and it also affects the patient prognosis and the effect of liver transplantation. We found that the total incidence of PVT after splenectomy was 44.2%, which was higher in the splenectomy group than that in the group without splenectomy.

TIPS creation has been widely used in the treatment of patients with esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension and has achieved good results[23,24]. With the improvement of procedure methods and instruments, the incidence of complications after TIPS has greatly decreased. Although being effective in preventing such syndromes, TIPS may cause shunt stenosis or occlusion leading to shunt failure. Stent stenosis and occlusion are the main complications of TIPS placement and cause recurrent bleeding and ascites[25].

There are multiple causes of thrombosis after splenectomy. It is believed that splenectomy reduces synthesis of coagulation factors in patients with liver cirrhosis, and the scavenging activity of tissue plasminogen activator is decreased resulting in a high blood coagulation state[26]. In addition, the risk of PVT after splenectomy can be caused by lack of microcirculation, increased blood viscosity, blood stasis induced by splenic vein stump, decreased blind pouch postoperative PV pressure, slower blood flow and platelet count[27,28]. The presence of these factors can lead to the formation of PVT and have a continuous impact on the PV system despite treatment with TIPS. It is also easy to cause thrombosis in the TIPS shunt and PV system and to cause stenosis or occlusion of the TIPS shunt, and these factors promote each other.

PVT can develop in the trunk of the PV, including its right and left intrahepatic branches, or it can originate everywhere in the portal system and may even extend to the splenic or superior mesenteric veins or towards the liver involving the intrahepatic PV branches[29]. PVT leads to portal hypertension and cavernous transformation of the PV, which causes difficulty with TIPS creation[30]. Although TIPS has good therapeutic effects on the formation of PVT, the effect of PVT on TIPS stenting is rarely reported.

In our study, the incidence of PVT in group A was lower than in group B, and the success rate of TIPS placement was also higher in group A. Our results indicated that PVT easily forms after splenectomy as described previously, and it creates difficulty for treatment with TIPS and other methods. The patency rate after TIPS in group A was higher than in group B, the median unassisted patency time in group A was longer than in group B, and recurrent bleeding and ascites in group A were less than in group B. Our results confirmed that prior splenectomy is an important determinant of shunt patency.

It is reported[31] that after TIPS treatment, hypersplenism is relieved due to decreased PV pressure and splenic blood flow, which can improve quality of life. However, there are still some patients with hypersplenism with no satisfactory outcome of treatments, including partial splenic arterial embolization, which can improve the symptoms of hypersplenism[32,33]. In patients with cirrhosis who are prone to PVT, which can lead to difficulty with TIPS creation and stent stenosis or occlusion, we suggest that splenectomy should be considered carefully.

The present study has some limitations. TIPS was established by the left branch of the intrahepatic PV, which may affect the results of patency rate. This is only a retrospective study. Randomized controlled trials are needed to verify our results.

In conclusion, patients with portal hypertension with prior splenectomy had a high incidence of PVT, which is an important determinant of TIPS stent patency and potentially increases the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion. Patients with portal hypertension have the opportunity to avoid splenectomy if they are undergoing TIPS treatment.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Splenectomy with pericardial devascularization (SPD) without liver transplantation has been widely accepted for the treatment of cirrhosis in patients with variceal bleeding and secondary hypersplenism in China. However, when compared with other treatments, simple splenectomy and SPD are associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications, such as portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), as an alternative to surgery, is now commonly used for management of complications of portal hypertension. Patients with SPD had a high incidence of PVT, which can markedly affect TIPS stent patency and increase the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion.

Research motivation

SPD is one of the common treatment methods used in China for patients with cirrhosis and portal-hypertension-related complications and hypersplenism. It can correct hypersplenism and reduce PV blood flow and pressure within a short period of time. However, it may aggravate the portal hypertension, cause PVT, increase the probability of rebleeding and ultimately affects quality of life. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of PVT after splenectomy and its influence on the patency rate of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.

Research objectives

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high incidence of PVT in patients with portal hypertension and prior SPD on the TIPS stent patency and the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion.

Research methods

We conducted a retrospective study to compare the incidence of PVT before TIPS for patients without prior SPD (group A) and those with prior SPD (group B). After TIPS placement, primary patency rate was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, and 2 and 3 years. The clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. Patency time was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the median time was compared by means of the log-rank test. Logistic regression analysis was performed on the variables. The differences between the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference t tests. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States).

Research results

The incidence of PVT in group B was higher than in group A, and the difference was significant between the two groups (P = 0.003). The success rate of TIPS in group A was higher than in group B, and the primary patency rate in group A tended to be higher than in group B at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, 2 years and 3 years. Recurrence of bleeding and ascites rate in group A were lower than in group B at 3 mo, 6 mo, 9 mo, 12 mo, 2 years and 3 years. During the 3-year follow-up, the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates in group A were higher than in group B, but there was no difference of the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy.

Research conclusions

Patients with a SPD have a high incidence of PVT, which potentially increases the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with TIPS stenosis or occlusion.

Research perspectives

This study showed that patients with portal hypertension with prior splenectomy had a high incidence of PVT, which is an important determinant of TIPS stent patency and potentially increases the risk of recurrent symptoms associated with shunt stenosis or occlusion. Patients with portal hypertension may avoid splenectomy when they are undergoing TIPS treatment. However, this is only a retrospective study, and randomized controlled trials are needed to verify our results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to all the patients who were involved in this study and our colleagues in the Department of Radiology of Air Force General Hospital of PLA for their contributions to the data collection.