Artificial intelligence advancement in addressing cough

Figure 1 Flowchart showing approach to cough[6]. AAFB: Alcohol and acid-fast bacilli; CT: Computed tomography; FeNO: Exhaled nitric oxide fraction.

Figure 2 An overview of artificial intelligence. The core concept of artificial intelligence is to make machines smart. Based on intelligence levels, the pyramidal hierarchy is maintained, with the artificial super intelligence at the highest rank. The relationships between artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning are also displayed[12-14]. AGI: Artificial general intelligence; ANI: Artificial narrow intelligence; ASI: Artificial super intelligence; DL: Deep learningl ML: Machine learning.

Figure 3  Artificial intelligence framework in cough assessment[24,26,31,84].

Figure 4 Schematic representation of different phases of cough: Inspiratory, compressive, and expiratory phases. During a cough, the vocal cords also move through these phases, where they are open during the inspiratory and expiratory phases, while they are closed during the compressive phase. Expiratory phase, the audible part of the cough, is further segmented into explosive, intermediate, and voiced phases[34,85].