Respiratory training interventions improve health status of heart failure patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Core Tip

Core tip: Breathing training interventions, including inspiratory muscle training, tai chi, yoga, and breathing exercises, are effective strategies for improving cardiac function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in heart failure patients. Machine-assisted respiratory training in hospital settings should be prioritized over respiratory training provided in non-hospital settings. Inspiratory muscle training with high pressure effectively improves cardiac function, and inspiratory muscle training with moderate pressure effectively improves quality of life in heart failure patients. In home settings, non-machine-assisted respiratory training such as tai chi, yoga, and breathing exercise effectively reduces (improves) heart rate in heart failure patients.