Role of lifestyle modifications in glaucoma: A systematic review

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies on lifestyle and glaucoma

Ref.	Study design	Intervention type	Primary outcome
Almarzouki[25], 2024	Systematic review	Environmental factors	Nutraceutical supplementation effects
Elhusseiny and Aref[26], 2024	Narrative review	Lifestyle and environmental factors	IOP, disease progression, visual field loss
Fujita et al[27], 2023	Retrospective cohort study	Lifestyle habits	Glaucoma incidence
Gildea et al[28], 2024	Systematic review	Exercise	IOP, glaucoma severity, and progression
Kumar and Ou[29], 2023	Narrative review	Lifestyle factors	IOP, neuroprotection, disease progression
Loskutova et al[30], 2019	Systematic review	Nutrition	IOP, visual field progression
Perez et al[31], 2019	Narrative review	Lifestyle, exercise, nutrition	IOP, glaucoma incidence, disease progression
Risner et al[32], 2009	Review (unspecified)	Exercise	IOP
Kumari and Saha[1], 2022	Review (unspecified)	Lifestyle modifications	IOP, disease progression
Scuteri et al[33], 2020	Systematic review	Nutraceutical supplementations	IOP, visual field outcome

IOP: Intraocular pressure.

Table 2 Nutritional interventions and their effects

Ref.	Intervention	Effect on IOP	Effect on disease progression
Almarzouki[25], 2024	Balanced diets	Not reported	Not reported
Elhusseiny and Aref[26], 2024	Vitamin intake, dietary nitric oxide	Not reported	Lower glaucoma risk (no-rich diet)
Fujita et al[27], 2023	Having breakfast, avoiding late dinner	Not reported	Reduced risk of glaucoma
Loskutova et al[30], 2019	Flavonoids, forskolin	IOP Reduction (forskolin)	Slowed visual field loss (flavonoids)
Perez et al[31], 2019	Green leafy vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids	Not reported	Possibly protective
Scuteri et al[33], 2020	Nutraceutical supplements	Additional IOP reduction	Not reported

IOP: Intraocular pressure.

Table 3 Physical activity and exercise effects

Ref.	Intervention	Effect on IOP	Effect on disease progression
Almarzouki[25], 2024	Aerobic exercise	Lowered IOP	Potential neuroprotection
Elhusseiny and Aref[26], 2024	Moderate exercise	Not reported	May slow progression
Fujita et al[27], 2023	Regular exercise	No mention found	Reduced glaucoma risk
Gildea et al[28], 2024	Moderate aerobic exercise	Transient reductions	Possibly protective
Kumar and Ou[29], 2023	Aerobic exercise	Not reported	Neuroprotection, slowed progression
Perez et al[31], 2019	Moderate aerobic exercise	Not reported	Possibly protective
Risner et al[32], 2009	Isometric and dynamic exercises	Acute decreases	Not reported
Kumari and Saha[1], 2022	Exercise, yogasanas	Not reported	May influence pathophysiology

IOP: Intraocular pressure.

Table 4 Environmental and behavioral modifications

Ref.	Intervention	Effect on IOP	Effect on disease progression
Almarzouki[25], 2024	Mindfulness practices	IOP reduction	Potential neuroprotection
Elhusseiny and Aref[26], 2024	Relaxation, smoking cessation	Possible IOP reduction (relaxation)	Slower visual field loss (smoking cessation)
Fujita et al[27], 2023	Moderate alcohol, good sleep	Not reported	Reduced glaucoma risk
Kumar and Ou[29], 2023	Mindfulness	IOP reductions	Neuroprotection
Perez et al[31], 2019	Smoking cessation	Not reported	Possibly protective
Kumari and Saha[1], 2022	Sleep postures	Not reported	May influence pathophysiology

IOP: Intraocular pressure.