Role of lifestyle modifications in glaucoma: A systematic review

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that lead to irreversible damage to the optic nerve and gradual vision loss. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly seen in people over 40. Globally, around 60.5 million people are currently affected, and this number is expected to rise to over 110 million by 2040. Often called the “silent thief of sight”, glaucoma typically progresses without noticeable symptoms until significant vision has already been lost, making it a major cause of visual disability worldwide. Despite advancements in research, lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only proven way to slow or halt disease progression.

AIM

To explore the potential role of lifestyle modifications in the prevention and management of glaucoma, particularly as complementary strategies alongside traditional IOP-lowering treatments.

METHODS

An extensive review of existing literature was carried out to examine the effects of various lifestyle factors—including diet, physical activity, yoga practices, sleep posture, and the use of nutritional supplements-on the development and progression of glaucoma.

RESULTS

Several studies suggest that lifestyle changes may have a positive impact on glaucoma outcomes. Regular physical exercise, balanced nutrition, certain yoga postures, and proper sleep positioning have been associated with benefits for eye health. Additionally, some supplements may support the optic nerve and contribute to slowing disease progression. These approaches, which are already recognized in the management of other chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension, show promise in glaucoma care as well.

CONCLUSION

While lowering IOP remains the cornerstone of glaucoma treatment, there is growing interest in the role of lifestyle choices in influencing disease progression. Adopting healthier habits may serve as a valuable addition to existing treatment plans. More clinical research is needed to better understand these connections and to guide practical recommendations for patients and clinicians alike.

Keywords: Glaucoma; Lifestyle modification; Intraocular pressure; Aerobic exercises; Diet and nutrition; Mindfulness; Stress management

Core Tip: The pathophysiology of glaucoma is quite an enigma even with the advent of most modern diagnostic and screening tools. It’s a multifactorial group of optic neuropathy that can lead to irreversible blindness worldwide. The primary modifiable factor in managing glaucoma is reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). The usual methods are IOP-lowering drugs, laser, and complicated surgeries. But the recent trend in dealing with chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and chronic glaucoma is a holistic approach including lifestyle modifications. The lifestyle factors like exercise, yogic asanas, deep meditation, diet, and nutrition can play a major role in the progression of glaucoma.