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World J Methodol. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 115219
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.115219
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.115219
Cortical arousal and autonomic regulation: The role of cold vs tepid caffeinated beverages during prolonged orthostasis
Mayowa J Adeniyi, Department of Physiology, University of Rwanda, Kigali 01000, Rwanda
Ayoola Awosika, Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Bloomington, IL 61601, United States
Co-corresponding authors: Mayowa J Adeniyi and Ayoola Awosika.
Author contributions: Adeniyi MJ and Awosika A conceptualized the study, designed the methodology, conducted the investigation, performed formal analysis, and drafted and reviewed the original manuscript; they contributed equally to this article, and they are the co-corresponding authors of this manuscript; All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Edo State University Uzairue, approval No. EDO35-4.
Clinical trial registration statement: Not applicable.
Informed consent statement: Consent was obtained by all participants in this study. The consent form was approved by the Departmental Ethical Committee, Physiology department College of Medical Sciences Edo State University Uzairue, Edo state.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
CONSORT 2010 statement: The authors have read the CONSORT 2010 Statement, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CONSORT 2010 Statement.
Data sharing statement: Not applicable.
Corresponding author: Mayowa J Adeniyi, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Physi
Received: October 11, 2025
Revised: November 12, 2025
Accepted: January 7, 2026
Published online: June 20, 2026
Processing time: 194 Days and 13.6 Hours
Revised: November 12, 2025
Accepted: January 7, 2026
Published online: June 20, 2026
Processing time: 194 Days and 13.6 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Electroencephalogram biomarkers highlight temperature-dependent differences in neurophysiologic adaptation and resilience to orthostatic stress. These findings underscore the potential of beverage-based interventions as simple, non-pharmacologic strategies to mitigate presyncope and fatigue. A significant finding from this study was the insignificant difference in alpha/beta ratio between orthostatic individuals administered tepid caffeinated beverage and orthostatic individuals who were given cold caffeinated beverages despite the fact that orthostatic individuals who ingested tepid caffeinated beverages exhibited higher beta wave frequency when compared with orthostatic individuals administered cold caffeinated beverages.