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©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Methodol. Mar 20, 2026; 16(1): 109784
Published online Mar 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i1.109784
Published online Mar 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i1.109784
Innovative prospects in 3D printed bio-scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering: A systematic review
Madhan Jeyaraman, Naveen Jeyaraman, Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
Madhan Jeyaraman, Naveen Jeyaraman, Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy, Sathish Muthu, Depart
Madhan Jeyaraman, Naveen Jeyaraman, Sathish Muthu, Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore 641045, Tamil Nadu, India
Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy, Department of Orthopaedics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal 609602, Puducherry, India
Shrideavi Murugan, Department of Orthopaedics, Government Tirunelveli Medical College and Hospital, Tirunelveli 627002, Tamil Nadu, India
Author contributions: Jeyaraman M and Nallakumarasamy A contributed to conceptualization; Jeyaraman N contributed to acquiring clinical data and performing the data analysis; Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Nallakumarasamy A and Muthu S contributed to manuscript writing; Murugan S helped in manuscript revision; Jeyaraman N contributed to proofreading; Jeyaraman M contributed to administration; all authors have agreed to the final version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Madhan Jeyaraman, MD, PhD, Researcher, Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Velappan
Received: May 21, 2025
Revised: June 28, 2025
Accepted: October 13, 2025
Published online: March 20, 2026
Processing time: 265 Days and 6.3 Hours
Revised: June 28, 2025
Accepted: October 13, 2025
Published online: March 20, 2026
Processing time: 265 Days and 6.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Advancements in 3D printing have revolutionized osteochondral tissue engineering by enabling biomimetic scaffolds that replicate native tissue complexities. These scaffolds support cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation while maintaining mechanical integrity and biodegradability. Innovative techniques, such as laser-assisted bioprinting and bio-inks enriched with nanoparticles, enhance functionality and regeneration. However, challenges persist in scalability, reproducibility, and clinical translation. Future directions, including 4D printing and smart biomaterials, offer promising solutions for personalized treatments.