Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion

doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.116792

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World Journal of Virology

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2220-3249

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Virol. Jun 25, 2026; 15(2): 116792
Published online Jun 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.116792

Table 1 Pattern recognition receptors sense poxviruses in different cells

	PRR	Cell type/species	Virus	Ref.
TLR	TLR2	Dendritic cells, T cells, monocytes	VACV	Zhu et al[49], 2007; O'Gorman et al[123], 2010; Samuelsson et al[124], 2008
	TLR3	Macrophage	VACV, ECTV	Hutchens et al[52], 2008; Struzik et al[125], 2010
	TLR4	Macrophage	VACV	Hutchens et al[54], 2010
	TLR7	Dendritic cells	FWPV, VACV	Lousberg et al[55], 2010; Cao et al[126], 2010
	TLR8	Dendritic cells	VACV	Martinez et al[56], 2010
	TLR9	Dendritic cells	VACV, ECTV	Wang et al[127], 2010
RLR	RIG-I	PBMC, macrophage, Hela	SPPV, MYXV, VACV	Pichlmair et al[128], 2009; Pollpeter et al[129], 2011; Georgana et al[130], 2018
	MAD5	Hela	VACV	Oliveira et al[131], 2020
	LGP2	Embryonic fibroblasts	VACV	Cheng et al[132], 2018
Cytosol DNA sensors	ZBP1	Fibroblasts	VACV	Balachandran et al[63], 2021
	AIM2	Dendritic cells, macrophages	VACV	Rathinam et al[67], 2010
	IFI16	Macrophage	VACV	Balachandran et al[69], 2018
	Sting	Macrophage	VACV	Georgana et al[133], 2018
	cGAS	Macrophage, dendritic cells	FWPV, VACV, ECTV	Oliveira et al[134], 2020; Cheng et al[135], 2018; Schoggins et al[136], 2014; Dai et al[137], 2014
	DHX9	A549	MYXV	Rahman et al[138], 2021
	DNA-PK	Embryonic fibroblasts	VACV	Balachandran et al[63], 2018

PRR: Pattern recognition receptor; TLR: Toll-like receptor; RLR: RIG-I-like receptor; VACV: Vaccinia virus; ECTV: Ectromelia virus; FWPV: Fowlpox virus; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear Cell; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I; MAD5: Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; LGP2: Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2; ZBP1: Z-DNA binding protein 1; AIM2: Absent in melanoma 2; IFI16: Interferon gamma inducible protein 16; cGAS: Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; DHX9: DExH-box helicase 9; SPPV: Sheeppox virus; CPXV: Cowpox virus; MYXV: Myxoma virus; DNA-PK: DNA-dependent protein kinase.

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Citation: Liang ZH, Huang P, Shen JJ, Wei J, Qian WX, Yi CH. Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion. World J Virol 2026; 15(2): 116792
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i2/116792.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.116792

Liang ZH, Huang P, Shen JJ, Wei J, Qian WX, Yi CH. Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion. World J Virol 2026; 15(2): 116792 [DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.116792]

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