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World J Virol. Jun 25, 2026; 15(2): 116792
Published online Jun 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.116792
Published online Jun 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i2.116792
Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion
Zi-Hao Liang, Wen-Xian Qian, Chang-Hua Yi, Department of Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
Ping Huang, Department of Liver Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
Jian-Jun Shen, Department of Chinese Medicine, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
Jie Wei, Department of Scientific Research, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
Author contributions: All authors contributed to the writing.
Supported by the Scientific Research Topics of Jiangsu Provincial Healthcare Commission, No. M2021078; Nanjing Medical Key Science and Technology Development Project, No. ZKX20032; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 92169106.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Corresponding author: Chang-Hua Yi, PhD, Professor, Department of Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 Zhongfu Road, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, China. chhuayi@sina.cn
Received: November 28, 2025
Revised: March 6, 2026
Accepted: April 8, 2026
Published online: June 25, 2026
Processing time: 203 Days and 1.5 Hours
Revised: March 6, 2026
Accepted: April 8, 2026
Published online: June 25, 2026
Processing time: 203 Days and 1.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The monkeypox virus has emerged as a global public health concern since 2022. It provides a comprehensive update on the host’s antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox virus and related orthopox viruses. The article further explores the complex mechanisms of viral immune evasion, including strategies such as APOBEC3-driven mutations that may influence viral evolution and immune recognition. Understanding these intricate host-pathogen interactions is critical for developing novel treatments and next-generation vaccines.