Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus drug-resistance mutations among individuals with low-level-viremia in low-income and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Context descriptions of included studies

Ref.	Study design	Continent	Number of sites	Low level viremia definition	Quality assessment
Bangalee et al[24], 2021	-	Africa	Single	51-999	8
Bareng et al[3], 2022	Randomized clinical trial	Africa	Single	51-999	9
Brown et al[26], 2021	Randomized clinical trial	Africa	Single	100-999	7
Djiyou et al[20], 2023	Cross sectional	Africa	Single	200-999	7
Kao et al[21], 2021	Cross sectional	Asia	Single	20-999	7
Liu et al[12], 2024	-	Asia	Single	50-999	8
Kantor et al[27], 2018	Cross sectional	Africa	Single	40-999	7
Mundo et al[28], 2024	Cross sectional	Africa	Multiple	< 1000	8
Yuan et al[23], 2022	Cross sectional	Asia	Single	< 1000	9
Lan et al[29], 2023	Cross sectional	Asia	Single	200-999	9
Li et al[30], 2022	Cohort	Asia	Single	50-999	7
Rupérez et al[31], 2015	Cross sectional	Africa	Single	150-999	7
Liu et al[32], 2018	Cross sectional	Asia	Single	50-999	8
Bareng et al[25], 2022	Randomized control trial	Africa	Single	400-999	7
Chenwi et al[33], 2024	Cross sectional	Africa	Single	< 1000	8
Choga et al[34], 2025	Cross sectional	Asia	Multiple	200-999	7
Shu et al[35], 2025	Cross sectional	Asia	Single	50-999	9
Cao et al[36], 2023	Cross sectional	Asia	Single	50-999	7
Liu et al[37], 2022	Cross sectional	Asia	Multiple	50-999	9
Labhardt et al[38], 2015	Cohort	Africa	Single	80-999	7

Table 2 Prevalence of drug resistance mutations: Subgroup analysis, % (95%CI)

Outcome	Continent			Number of sites
	Africa	Asia	P value	Single	Multiple	P value
Overall	58.0 (30.8-85.2)	40.7 (26.0-55.5)	< 0.0001	52.8 (39.3-66.3)	41.7 (11.0-72.3)	< 0.0001
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation	57.9 (53.9-61.9)	34.7 (33.3-36.1)	< 0.0001	47.3 (42.2-52.4)	16.7 (7.4-30.4)	< 0.0001
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation	61.6 (44.5-78.8)	36.2 (26.4-46.1)	< 0.0001	48.7 (39.3-58.1)	78.9 (63.7-88.9)	< 0.0001
Protease inhibitors mutation	7.3 (3.4-11.2)	4.1 (3.4-4.9)	< 0.0001	4.9 (3.5-6.3)	15.8 (7.4-30.4)	< 0.0001