Study characteristics on health-related quality of life in older people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A narrative review

Table 1 Summaries of study characteristics on health-related quality of life in older people living with human immunodeficiency virus including the narrative review

Study	Demographics			Methods		Outcomes1
	Ref.	Sample (Female, %)	Age groups (Number of the sample)	Objectives	Study design; Conceptual framework; Terminology; Instrument	HRQoL; QoL; PHS; MHS
1	Piette et al[24], the United States	369 (15.2)	< 30 (88); 30-39 (192); 40-49 (71); 50+ (18) 4.9%	Examined the impact of age on QoL (independent of HIV stage and symptoms)	CSS; NA; QoL; MOS-HIV (20 items)	QoL (PF, RF, SF, mental health, health perceptions, and pain subscales)
2	Crystal et al[104], the United States	2836 (29.5)	18-29 (376); 30-39 (1171); 40-49 (1007); 50+ (282) 9.9%	Characterized adults with HIV's physical and role limitations	CSS; NA; NA; SF-21	Other (9-item), RF (2-item)
3	Hays et al[56], the United States	2864 represented 231400 (23.0)	18-29 (29540); 30-34 (49562); 35-39 (54956); 40-44 (43812); 45-49 (27105); 50+ (26438) 11%	Measured HIV patients' HRQoL in comparison to those with other comorbidities	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36	PHS, MHS
4	Kalichman et al[50], the United States	113 (24.8)	45+ (45-54) 66%	Evaluated suicidal thoughts among mid-age and older persons with HIV	CSS; NA; HRQoL; FAHI-55	HRQoL (physical well-being, emotional well-being, and functional well-being, and provider relationship)
5	Campsmith et al[105], the United States	3778 (26.5)	18-29 (605); 30-39 (1783); 40-49 (1055); 50+ (335) 8.9%	Described levels of HRQoL in different demographic and behavioral risk factor groups	CSS; NA; HRQoL; MOS	HRQoL (PF, RF, SF, CF, mental health, overall health, pain, and energy/fatigue)
6	Crystal et al[35], the United States	2857 (Non-heterosexual men, injection drug users & others)	< 50 (2573); 50+ (284) 9.9%	Provided a national profile of socioeconomic circumstances of the mid-aged and older populations with HIV	CSS; NA; QoL; QoL Indicators	QoL (overall QoL, GH, PF, RF, SF, emotional well-being)
7	Lyons et al[37], Australia	693 (Non-heterosexual men)	18-35 (101); 36-50 (394); 50+ (198) 28.6%	Explored the health and psychological well-being of older Non-heterosexual Australians men with HIV compared with mid- and younger age	CSS; NA; Well-being; Not specific	Other (Physical health, mental health, psychological well-being)
8	Nokes et al[40], the United States (plus other four countries)	1217 (31.4)	< 50 (964); 50+ (232) 19.1%	Evaluated whether the chronological age affects symptom status and HRQoL in adults living with HIV	CSS; Wilson and Cleary; HRQoL; HAT-QoL-34	HRQoL (overall function, life satisfaction, health worries, financial worries, medication concerns, HIV mastery, disclosure worries, provider trust, and sexual function)
9	Pereira et al[41], Portuguese	1191 (32.6)	< 34 (305); 35-44 (558); > 45 (328) 27.5%	Determined gender and age differences on the QoL domains in Portuguese HIV-infected individuals	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV-BREF	QoL (physical, level of independence, social, environmental, spirituality & psychological subscales)
10	Shan et al[106], China	1009 (56.4)	< 40 (351); 40-49 (444); 50+ (214) 21.2%	Evaluated the QoL and related factors in HIV-positive spouses from serodiscordant couples under antiretroviral therapy	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV-BREF (China version)	QoL (physical, social, environmental & psychological domains)
11	Balderson et al[107], the United States	452 (27.7)	50-54 (265); 55-59 (129); 60+ (58)	Assessed the relationship of comorbid chronic illnesses to physical, social, and mental health functioning in a nine-state community sample of HIV-positive older adults	CSS; NA; QoL; SF-36 (3 subscales)	QoL (PF, SF, mental health subscales)
12	Doyle et al[108], the United States	113 (17.7)	< 40 (41); 50+ (72) 63.7%	Investigated the association between prospective memory and HRQoL by age group	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36 (8 subscales)	PHS, MHS
13	Lyons et al[38], Australia	189 (Non-heterosexual men)	40-44 (54); 45-49 (57); 50-54 (39); 55+ (39)	Examined differences in physical and mental health between HIV-positive and HIV-negative non-heterosexual men across age groups	CSS; NA; Well-being; K10 of psychological distress	Other (mental health condition)
14	Morgan et al[31], the United States	92 (18.5)	< 40 (31); 50+ (61) 66.3%	Determined whether HIV infection and aging act synergistically to disrupt everyday functioning, compared between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals	CSS; None; HRQoL; SF-36 (8 subscales)	PHS, MHS (physical well-being, mental well-being) plus Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL)/Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)
15	Nyirenda et al[66], South Africa	203 (NA)	50-59 (136); 60-69 (55); 70+(12)	Examined correlates of health and well-being in HIV-positive older people compared to HIV-negative peers in rural South Africa	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF	PHS, MHS (functional ability, QoL/subjective well-being & health state subscales)
16	Skevington et al[42], Multi-countries	2089 (37.0)	<40 (1689); 40+ (403) 19%	Investigated QoL in persons living with HIV using multicultural countries data [p. 1220]	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF	QoL (physical, social, psychological, independence, environment & spiritual domains)
17	Emlet et al[49], the United States	226 (Non-heterosexual men)	50-86	Identified risk and protective factors associated with physical- and mental-HRQoL in non-heterosexual men living with HIV	CSS; Resilient theory; HRQoL; SF-36 (8 subscales)	PHS, MHS
18	Gard et al[45], Rwanda	705 (100.0)	< 30 (158); 30-40 (389); 41+ (158) 22.4%	Examined the association between HIV disease progression and HRQoL among Rwandan women who were HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative women	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-12 (8 items)	HRQoL (PF, RF, SF, CF, pain, emotional well-being, health perceptions & QoL subscales)
19	Rodriguez-Penney et al[109], the United States	141 (32.4)	≤ 40 (50); 50+ (91) 64.5%	Characterized the association between comorbidity burdens and HRQoL in both younger and older adults living with HIV	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36 (8 subscales)	PHS, MHS
20	Slater et al[32], the United States	60 (Non-heterosexual men)	50-65 (100)	Explored the relationships among age, race, SES, social support, and social stigma in QoL	CSS; NA; QoL; HAT-QoL (34 items)	QoL
21	Douab et al[28], France	4339 (NA)	18-29 (260); 30-39 (1175); 40-49 (1593); 50+ (1308) 59%	Determined and compared the levels and patterns of correlates of HRQoL in adults living with HIV in the cohort of 8-year follow-up	Follow-up study (FUS); NA; HRQoL; SF-36 & SF-12	PHS, MHS (SF-36 & SF-12)
22	Moore et al[110], the United States	177 (16.4)	≤ 40 (40); 50+ (60)	Determined the relationship of successful cognitive aging to mental- and physical-HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36	PHS, MHS
23	Allshouse et al[111], the United States	359 (15.3)	45+ (359)	Determined the impact of self-reported marijuana use on successful aging	CSS; NA; HRQoL/QoL; SF-36	QoL (all domains)
24	Fang et al[68], the United States	299 (32.4)	50+ (100)	Tested the role of resilience as a mediator between life stress and HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; Revised FAHI QoL (physical, emotional, social, functional/global, and cognitive functioning well-being)	QoL (physical well-beingemotional well-being, functional/global well-being, social well-being, & cognitive functioning)
25	Fumaz et al[64], Spain	151 (42.4)	45+ (151)	Evaluated resilience, perception of aging, coping strategies, and QoL	CSS; NA; QoL; Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)	QoL (pain, energy, sleep, physical mobility, emotion reactions, social isolation, occupation, life affected by housework, family life)
26	Lifson et al[112], Multi-countries	4119 (22.9)	< 30 (29); 30-39 (34); 40-49 (25); 50+ (11)	Reported results of QoL assessments	CSS; NA; QoL; SF-12	QoL
27	Mekuria et al[78], the Netherlands	664 (63.6)	≤ 37 (362); > 37 (299)	Investigated the level of HRQo with associated predictors	CSS; NA; HRQoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF	HRQoL (physical, social, psychological, spiritual, environment & independence domains)
28	Okuno et al[60], Brazil	201 (36.3)	50+ (201)	Evaluated QoL and its connections to socioeconomic profile, sexual knowledge, and sexual attitudes	CSS; NA; QoL; HAT-QoL (34 items)	QoL (overall function, life satisfaction, health worries, financial worries, medication worries, HIV mastery, disclosure worries, provider trust & sexual function)
29	Slater et al[33], the United States	60 (Non-heterosexual men)	50-65 (60)	Explored the relationships among social stigma, SES variables, social support, coping, and QoL	CSS; NA; QoL; HAT-QoL (34 items)	QoL
30	Brown et al[29], the United Kingdom	92 (18.5)	32+ (92)	Evaluated rehabilitation interventions (referrals, adherence & outcomes)	FUS; Self- management programme; HRQoL; FAHI	QoL (physical well-being, emotional well-being, functional well-being, social well-being, & cognitive functioning)
31	Ezeamama et al[53], Uganda	400 (69.3)	≤ 25 (57); 26-35 (144); 36-45 (142); 46+ (57) 14.3%	Evaluated perceived social standing (PSS) as a determinant of health outcomes	FUS; Perceived social standing (PSS); QoL; MOS-HIV	QoL
32	George et al[51], Ireland	521 (30.7)	< 50 (447); 50+ (74) 14%	Assessed HRQoL and its associations with socioeconomic, behavioural, clinical, nutrition-related factors, and social support	CSS; Wilson-Cleary; HRQoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	PHS, MHS
33	Monteiro et al[67], Portugal	1194 (32.5)	< 50 (1015); 50+ (179) 15%	Examined age-related differences in QoL, and the association between sociodemographics, HIV-related variables, depressive symptoms, and QoL domains	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF (31 items)	QoL (physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environment & spirituality)
34	Catalan et al[25], the United Kingdom	100 (27.0)	50+ (100)	Examined self-reported QoL, social supports, and mental health	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF	QoL (physical, psychological, level of independence, social relationships, environment, spirituality & total QoL)
35	Emlet et al[48], the United States	335 (Non-heterosexual men)	50+ (100)	Examined how HIV-related factors, adverse conditions, psychosocial characteristics, and their associations with resilience and mastery	CSS; NA; HRQoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF	Other (psychological domain)
36	Emuren et al[61], the United States	1668 (7.0)	18+ (1668)	Determined the factors associated with HRQoL	FUS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36	PHS, MHS
37	Majeed et al[30], the United States	65 (36.9)	45+ (65)	Examined the relationship between basic psychological needs, depression, and QoL	CSS; Barron and Kenny Mediation; QoL; SF-36	QoL (all domains)
38	McGowan et al[39], the United Kingdom	3258 (19.6)	< 30 (172); 30-39 (745); 40-49 (1370); 50-59 (689) 21.6%; 60+ (214) 6.7%	Assessed the association of age with the prevalence of: Physical symptoms, depression or anxiety, and health-related functions, taking into account time since HIV diagnosis	CSS; NA; QoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L	HRQoL (health-related functions of mobility, self-care & daily activities)
39	Millar et al[54], the United States	114 (32.5)	50+ (114)	Examined the associations between physical health, psychological health, overall health, and substance use	CSS; Biopsychosocial model; QoL; MOS-HIV (35 item)	QoL (all subscales)
40	Venturini et al[26], Italy	943 (34.1)	≤ 40 (114); 40-50 (364); 50-60 (376) 38.6%; 60+ (121) 12.8%	Assessed HRQoL of HIV-infected people	CSS; NA; HRQoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L	HRQoL (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain & anxiety/depression dimensions)
41	Vincent et al[71], the United States	299 (31.8)	50+ (100)	Investigated how HIV-related shame is associated with HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; FAHI (47 items)	HRQoL (physical well-being, emotional well-being & social well-being)
42	Yeoh et al[34], Australia	80 (NA)	50+ (100)	Assessed the frailty index in relation to QoL in older HIV-positive	CSS; NA; QoL; SF-36	QoL (all domains)
43	Biraguma et al[82], Rwanda	794 (64.6)	18-30 (240); 31-40 (245); 41-45 (204); 50+ (105) 13.2%	Determined the association between HRQoL and behavioural and biological risk factors	CSS; NA; HRQoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	PHS, MHS
44	Ferreira et al[58], Brazil	226 (48.2)	< 40 (82); 40-49 (72); 50-59 (56) 24.8%; 60+ (16) 7%	Evaluated QoL and its predictors	CSS; NA; QoL; WHOQOL-HIV BREF	QoL (physical, psychological, independence, social relation, environment & spirituality dimensions)
45	Greene et al[65], the United States	356 (15.0)	50+ (356)	Determined the association of loneliness with functional impairment and HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; Patient Health Questionnaire	HRQoL
46	Nguyen et al[113], the United States	176 (25.0)	50+ (176)	Examined the relationship between risk/protective factors and Self-reported Health Status (SHHS) and Healthy Days Index (HDI)	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SRHS/HDI	HRQoL
47	Xu et al[43], China	197 (28.4)	50+ (197)	Assessed the interrelationship among resilience, coping, family, support, and QoL	CSS; NA; QoL; Chinese QoL scale (6 items)	QoL (Physical health, psychological health, economic circumstance, work/housework, family relationships & non-family relationships)
48	Castro et al[114], Brazil	1480 (35.3)	<30 (187); 30-39 (395); 40-59 (777); 60+ (121) 8.2%	Assessed HRQoL and its associated factors	CSS; NA; HRQoL/QoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L	HRQoL
49	Fuster-RuizdeApodaca et al[69], Spain	467 (26.6)	≤ 49 (146); 50+ (229) 48.6%	Evaluated the influence of patient experience on HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L /self-rate of health (EQ-VAS)	HRQoL
50	Jang et al[36], the United States	614 (3.3)	< 50 (307); 50+ (307) 50%	Assessed the relationship between QoL, age, and other demographic and clinical factors	CSS; NA; QoL; SF-12	HRQoL
51	Olson et al[115], the United States	296 (32.4)	50+ (296)	Assessed associations among physical symptoms, HIV-related health status, depressive symptoms, and HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; FAHI (47 items)	HRQoL (physical well-being, emotional well-being, social well-being, functional/global well-being, and cognitive functioning)
52	Rooney et al[116], the United States	122 (16.4)	36-45 (39); 46-55 (43); 56-65 (40) 32.8%	Assessed the relationship between depressive symptoms and other psychological factors across age decades	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36	PHS, MHS
53	Tierney et al[63], the United States	12 (15.1)	≤ 40 (83); 50+ (109) 56.8%	Examined the effects of age on the expression of motor signs in people living with HIV	FUS; NA; QoL; SF-36	HRQoL
54	Xiao et al[117], China	522 (55.2)	< 45 (192); 45-54 (182); 55+ (148) 28.4%	Evaluated physical- and mental-HRQoL of people living with HIV in rural China, and the relationship between HRQoL and individual and family level factors	CSS; NA; HRQoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	PHS, MHS
55	Brañas et al[59], Multi-countries	1126 (25.2)	50+ (1126)	Evaluated differences between older women and men (50+) with HIV in HIV variables, comorbidities, physical functions, and QOL	CSS; NA; QoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L	QoL
56	Drewes et al[55], Germany	48 (12.3)	50-59 (541); 60-69 (158); 70+ (49)	Analyzed the role of SES as a predictor of health outcomes and HRQoL among people aging with HIV	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-12 (German version)	PHS, MHS
57	Ellis et al[16], the United States	78 (17.9)	Mean age = 55.3	Evaluated the impact of inflammation in aging people living with HIV on depressed mood	FUS; NA; QoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	QoL
58	Fazeli et al[57], the United States	174 (38.0)	< 50 (71); 50+ (103) 59%	Determined the frequency and clinical correlates of successful functional aging (SFA)	CSS; NA; HRQoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	PHS, MHS
59	Harris et al[18], Canada	834 (15.2)	Mean age = 53	Estimated the extent to which loneliness has associations with brain health, general health outcomes, and QoL among mid-aged and older HIV adults	CSS; Wilson & Cleary; HRQoL/QoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L /SF-6/ WHOQOL-HIV BREF	Other (EuroQoL-5D-3 L /SF-6) & QoL (WHOQOL-HIV BREF)
60	Mayo et al[70], Canada	707 (NA)	35-44 (99); 45-54 (328); 55-59 (123) 17.4%; 60-81 (153) 21.6%	Estimated the extent to which HIV-related variables, cognition, and other brain health factors interrelate with other HIV-associated symptoms to influence function, health perception, and QoL in older HIV men	CSS; Wilson & Cleary; Biopsychosocial; QoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L/SF-36/WHOQOL-HIV BREF	PHS, MHS
61	Parish et al[47], the United States	1526 (100.0)	≤ 50 (723); 50+ (803) 52.6%	Examined how having unmet dental needs, as well as other demographics, behavioural, and clinical variables, affects the oral HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL (oral-HRQoL)	Other
62	Rubtsova et al[19], the United States	63 (38.1)	Mean age = 50.1	Examined the independent effects of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and frailty on HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36	PHS, MHS
63	Musumari et al[62], Thailand	327 (61.2)	50-54 (119); 55-59 (121); 60-64 (70); 65+ (42)	Determined predictors of change in HRQoL over time among older HIV adults	FUS; NA; HRQoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	PHS, MHS
64	Patel et al[27], the United States	41 (39.0)	45+ (41)	Determined the effects of mood disturbances, cognitive and motor symptoms on activities of daily living (ADLs) and QoL in older people living with HIV	CSS; NA; QoL; SF-12	QoL
65	Cabrera et al[44], Peru	175 (100.0)	45+ (175)	Examined HRQoL among a group of mid-aged and older women	CSS; NA; HRQoL; SF-36	PHS, MHS
66	Guaraldi et al[17], Italy	575 (NA)	Mean age = 54.8	Characterized resilience (frailty-resilience phenotypes), which affect HRQoL in people living with HIV	CSS; NA; HRQoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L /SF-36	HRQoL
67	Okhai et al[46], the United Kingdom	813 (100.0)	45-49 (382); 50-54 (291) 35.8%; 55-59 (88) 10.8%	Evaluated HRQoL in a sample of PLHW women aged 45-60 years	CSS; NA; HRQoL; EuroQoL-5D-3 L	HRQoL
68	Pope et al[118], the United States	261 (35.6)	39+ (261)	Assessed the association between perceived transportation needs and contributors with health outcomes and HRQoL	CSS; NA; HRQoL; MOS-HIV (35 items)	HRQoL (GH, pain, SF, HD, health transitions subscales)

¹Measuring as a subscale, total scores, or summary scores. CSS: Cross-sectional study; CF: Cognitive functioning; EuroQoL-5D-3 L: European QoL 5-Dimension 3-level version; FAHIQoL: Functional Assessment of HIV Infection Quality of Life; FUS: Follow-up study; GH: General Health; HAT-QoL: HIV/AIDS-target quality of life; HD: Health Distress; HDI: Healthy Days Index; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; MHS: Mental-HRQoL summary; MOS-HIV: Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey; NA: Not available; PF: Physical functioning; PHS: Physical-HRQoL summary; QoL: Quality of life; RF: Role functioning; SES: Socioeconomic status; SF survey: Short form survey; SF: Social functioning; SHHS: Self-reported Health Status; The EQ-VAS: EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale.

Table 2 Demographics of eligible studies reported in the narrative review (n = 68), excluding two studies[80,81]

Studies	Mean/median/n (SD/IQR/%)	Number of reported studies (%)
Total participants	53504	68
Sample of older participants (100 or less)	-	12 (22.64)
Median age, years	51.0 (11.0)	59
Age group1
Younger age (< 50 years)	31519 (67.44)	53
Older age (≥ 50 years)	15216 (32.56)	53
Sex1
Female	15338 (31.75)	62
Male	32965 (68.25)	62
Race1
White	14126 (43.95)	46
Black	11805 (36.73)	33
Other	6210 (19.32)	33
Education levels1
High school or less	25257 (59.47)	41
College (some years) or higher	17212 (40.53)	36
Employed1
Yes	7175	19
Risk of exposures1
Homosexual	12706 (53.62)	25
Drug use	6387 (26.96)	17
Heterosexual	4075 (17.20)	14
HIV status1
Median time (years) since known HIV diagnosis	17.0 (10.0)	32
Median current CD4 T-cells	618 (74)	17
Median lowest CD4 T-cells	245 (202)	12
A history of AIDS diagnosis	5,259	17
Mean summary scores of MOS-HIV
Physical-HRQoL	53.85 (9.43)	13
Mental-HRQoL	51.54 (9.81)	13
Studies included only2
Older people	6289 (41.33)	21
Older females	1966 (12.82)	4
Older non-heterosexual individuals	910 (60.60)	6
Study years
1995-2010	-	7 (10.29)
2011-2015	-	22 (32.25)
2016-2020	-	33 (48.53)
2021-2022	-	6 (8.82)
Study places
North America region	-	38 (55.88)
Europe region	-	13 (19.12)
Others	-	17 (25.00)

¹Percentages presented between a numerator and denominator of a corresponding variable.

²Percentages presented between a numerator and denominator of all older, female, or homosexual samples in the reported studies.

IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation; MOS-HIV: Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life.

Table 3 Methods of eligible studies reported in the narrative review (n = 68)

Studies	Number of studies (%)	P value1
Age cut-off
Cut-off of 50	50 (73.53)	0.0001
Other	10 (14.71)
Not available	8 (11.76)
Terminology use
HRQoL	33 (48.53)	NS
QoL	26 (38.24)
HRQoL or QoL	3 (4.41)
Well-being	2 (2.94)
Other	4 (5.88)
Conceptual/Theoretical frameworks used
Wilson and Cleary	3 (4.41)	< 0.0001
Other	9 (13.24)
None	56 (82.35)
Instrument use
MOS-HIV	10 (14.71)	< 0.0001
SF survey	20 (29.41)
WHOQOL-HIV BREF	9 (13.24)
FAHI QoL	5 (7.35)
EuroQoL-5D-3 L	5 (7.35)
HAT-QoL	4 (5.88)
Others	15 (22.06)
Study designs
Cross-sectional study	61 (89.71)	< 0.0001
Follow-up study	7 (10.29)
Statistical modeling tests
Linear regression model	41 (60.29)	NS
Logistic regression model	9 (13.24)
Structural equation model	6 (8.82)
Hierarchical regression model	4 (5.88)
Other	8 (11.76)
Outcome measures
HRQoL	18 (26.47)	0.029
Physical-HRQoL or mental-HRQoL	19 (27.94)
QoL	25 (36.76)
Other	6 (8.82)

¹Two-sided binomials for one sample.

EuroQoL-5D-3 L: European QoL 5-Dimension 3-Level version; FAHIQoL: Functional Assessment of HIV Infection Quality of Life; HAT-QoL: HIV/AIDS-target quality of life; HRQoL: Health-related Quality of Life; MOS-HIV: Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey; QoL: Quality of life; SF survey: Short form survey; WHOQOL-HIV BREF: World Health Organization Quality of Life brief; NS: Not significant.