Uptake and disparities in tuberculosis screening using urine-lipoarabinomannan among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus-disease in Africa: A systematic review

Table 1 Summary of characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Country	Number of study sites	Study design	Type of population	AHD defined by	AHD	LF-LAM testing uptake	Prevalence of TB	TB treatment initiation	Prevalence of mortality	Quality scores
Benzekri et al[7], 2019	Senegal	Multiple	X-sect	Both	Both	123	39.3	28.6			6
Hassan et al[20], 2022	Tanzania	Multiple	Cohort	Adults	Both	728	5.0			5.9	8
Heller et al[12], 2022	Malawi	Single	X-sect	Adults	CD4	245	89.4	28.3		62.3	9
Mbewe et al[32], 2022	Zambia	Single	X-sect	Adults	Both	200	61.1	13.3			6
Kanyama et al[13], 2022	Zambia	Single	Cohort	Both	CD4	221	96.8	23.8			6
Lukoye et al[33], 2020	Uganda	Multiple	X-sect	Adults	Both	2025	55.1	12.4	97.1		7
Mathabire et al[34], 2019	Multiple1	Multiple	X-sect	Adults	Both	1555	96.8				9
Wake et al[21], 2022	South Africa	Multiple	Cohort	Adults	CD4	181	97.8	17.5	90.3	16.1	7
Kalyango et al[35], 2022	Uganda	Multiple	X-sect	Adults	Both	301	90.0	67.2	91.8		8
Åhsberg et al[36], 2023	Ghana	Multiple	Cohort	Adults	CD4	248	45.2	13.4	93.3	13.3	9
Nyukuri et al[38], 2024	Kenya	Multiple	Cohort	Adults	Staging	214	49.1	60.0		7.9	8
Levy-Braide et al[39], 2023	Nigeria	Multiple	X-sect	Adults	CD4	5487	78.0	34.1	67.8		7
Nakanwagi et al[40], 2022	Uganda	Multiple	X-sect	Children	CD4	1310	11.0	30.5	85.5		8
Onwah et al[31], 2024	Nigeria	Multiple	Cohort	Children	Both	215	45.6	18.4			8
Kingbo et al[30], 2024	Cote d‘Ivoire	Multiple	Cohort	Adults	CD4	114	40.4				7
Matoga et al[41], 2021	Multiple2	Multiple	C-trial	Adults	CD4	658	61.8	7.9		7.1	8
Izco et al[42], 2021	Mozambique		Cohort	Both	Both	97	69.9				7
Åhsberg et al[37], 2022	Ghana	Multiple	Cohort	Adults	CD4	174	93.1	25.3	46.3		9
Eigege et al[43], 2024	Nigeria	Multiple	X-sect	Both	Both	1969	75.8	25.0	47.2	46.3	7

¹Indicates Malawi, Demographic Republic of Congo and Mozambique.

²Indicates South Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Zambia; X-sect indicates cross sectional study; staging indicates World Health Organization stage III/IV.

AHD: Advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease; LF-LAM: Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan; TB: Tuberculosis.