Human immunodeficiency virus recency testing coverage and partner-notification-services among people-living with human immunodeficiency virus in low- and middle-income countries
Ibrahim Ahmed El-Imam, Timothy Antipas Peter, Hassan Fredrick Fussi, Zuhura Mbwana Ally, Hafidha Mhando Bakari, Mariam Salim Mbwana, Upendo Kayeke Chenya, Beatrice Kelvin Mpimo, Haji Mbwana Ally, Habib Omari Ramadhani
Ibrahim Ahmed El-Imam, Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
Timothy Antipas Peter, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University, Moshi 25116, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Hassan Fredrick Fussi, Department of Medicine, District Hospital, Dar es Salaam 35091, Tanzania
Zuhura Mbwana Ally, Department of Medicine, District Hospital, Tanga 21628, Tanzania
Hafidha Mhando Bakari, Department of Literature, Communication & Publishing, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam 35091, Tanzania
Mariam Salim Mbwana, Department of Medicine, Primary Health Care Insitute, Iringa 51108, Tanzania
Upendo Kayeke Chenya, Department of Prevention and Treatment, Drug Control and Enforcement Authority, Dar es Salaam 15103, Tanzania
Beatrice Kelvin Mpimo, Department of Research, Lincoln University, Oakland, CA 94612, United States
Haji Mbwana Ally, Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi 25116, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Habib Omari Ramadhani, Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
Author contributions: Ahmed El-Imam I, Bakari HM, and Ramadhani HO contributed to conceptualization; Ahmed El-Imam I, Bakari HM, Ally ZM, Mbwana MS, Ally HM, and Ramadhani HO contributed to data curation; Peter TA, Ally HM, and Ramadhani HO contributed to formal analysis; Peter TA, Ally HM, Ahmed El-Imam I, Fussi HF, and Ramadhani HO contributed to methodology; Fussi HF, Ahmed El-Imam I, and Ramadhani HO contributed to validation; Ahmed El-Imam I, contributed to writing original draft; Bakari HM, Peter TA Chenya UK and Mpimo BK contributed to visualization. All authors reviewed this manuscript, provided feedback, and approved the manuscript in its final form.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Habib Omari Ramadhani, MD, PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
homari@ihv.umaryland.edu
Received: July 10, 2025
Revised: August 28, 2025
Accepted: September 17, 2025
Published online: December 25, 2025
Processing time: 168 Days and 22.6 Hours
