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World Journal of Virology
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2220-3249
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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Virol. Sep 25, 2025; 14(3): 111912
Published online Sep 25, 2025. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i3.111912
Gut microbiome and viral infections: A hidden nexus for immune protection
Ajay M Gavkare, Neeta L Nanaware, Mahesh N Sonar, Shree V Dhotre, Sachin S Mumbre, Basavraj S Nagoba
Ajay M Gavkare, Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Buldhana 443001, Maharashtra, India
Neeta L Nanaware, Department of Physiology, Vilasrao Deshmukh Government Medical College, Latur 413512, Maharashtra, India
Mahesh N Sonar, Department of Pediatrics, Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (Medical College), Latur 413531, Maharashtra, India
Shree V Dhotre, Department of Microbiology, Ashwini Rural Medical College, Solapur 413001, Maharashtra, India
Sachin S Mumbre, Department of Community Medicine, Ashwini Rural Medical College, Solapur 413006, India
Basavraj S Nagoba, Department of Microbiology, Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (Medical College), Latur 413531, Maharashtra, India
Author contributions: Nagoba BS designed the overall concept and outline of the manuscript; Gavkare AM, and Nanaware NL, Dhotre SV, Sonar MN, Mumbare SS contributed to the discussion and design of the manuscript; Nagoba BS, Gavkare AM contributed to the writing, and editing the manuscript and review of literature; all authors contributed to the finalizing the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Corresponding author: Basavraj S Nagoba, PhD, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (Medical College), Vishwanathpuram, Ambajogai Road, Latur 413531, Maharashtra, India. dr_bsnagoba@yahoo.com
Received: July 14, 2025
Revised: August 2, 2025
Accepted: August 27, 2025
Published online: September 25, 2025
Processing time: 75 Days and 3.2 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: The gut microbiome and viral infections engage in a bidirectional interplay that governs immune homeostasis by shaping epithelial barrier integrity, cytokine profiles, and Treg/T helper 17 cells balance. Microbiome-targeted interventions—probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary modulation, and metabolite-based therapies—hold promise to restore microbial equilibrium, bolster mucosal defenses, and enhance antiviral immunity, though standardization and mechanistic validation are needed to translate these insights into clinical practice.
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