Clinical characteristics and outcomes of keratoplasty in moderate to severe infective corneal ulcers

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and predisposition factor, n (%)

Variable	n = 99
Sex
Men	77 (77.8)
Women	22 (22.2)
Age in years, mean ± SD	41.7 ± 16.2
Risk factor1
Trauma	78 (77.8)
Betel leaf water	15 (15.1)
Contact lens	8 (7.8)
Steroid eye drop	8 (7.8)
Ocular surface diseases	3 (3.0)
Eyelid disease	1 (1.0)

¹Some patients had more than one risk factor.

Table 2 Early clinical characteristics, n (%)

Variable	n = 99
Lateralization (unilateral)
Right eye	45 (45.4)
Left eye	55 (55.6)
Onset of symptom
≤ 1 week	17 (17.2)
> 1 week to ≤ 1 month	53 (52.5)
> 1 month	26 (26.3)
No data	4 (4.0)
Ulcer location
Central	89 (89.9)
Paracentral	3 (3.0)
Peripheral	7 (7.1)
Ulcer size (diameter)
< 2 mm	3 (3.0)
2-6 mm	56 (56.6)
> 6 mm	41 (41.4)
Ulcer depth (stroma)
1/3-2/3	21 (21.2)
> 2/3	37 (37.4)
Perforation	41 (41.4)
Hypopyon
Yes	24 (24.2)
No	75 (75.8)
Neovascularization
Yes	26 (26.3)
No	73 (73.7)
Ulcer severity
Moderate	13 (13.1)
Severe	86 (86.9)

Table 3 Gram stain, potassium hydroxide, and culture result, n (%)

Examination	n = 99
Gram staining
Positive	26 (26.3)
Negative/no data	73 (73.7)
KOH
Positive	17 (17.2)
Negative/no data
Positive culture
Gram-positive cocci	21 (21.2)
Gram-negative bacilli	10 (10.1)
Fungi	2 (2.0)

KOH: Potassium hydroxide.

Table 4 Operating procedures before, during, and after keratoplasty, n (%)

Procedure	n = 99
Before keratoplasty	69 (69.7)
Periosteal graft	58 (58.6)
Amniotic membrane transplantation	8 (8.1)
Intracameral injection of antifungal	2 (2.0)
Conjunctival flap	1 (1.0)
During keratoplasty	41 (41.4)
ECCE	29 (29.3)
ECCE + IOL	12 (12.1)
After keratoplasty	22 (22.2)
Phacoemulsification + IOL	8 (8.1)
Micropulse	4 (4.0)
Re-keratoplasty	3 (3.0)
Glaucoma implant surgery	3 (3.0)
Re-keratoplasty + ECCE IOL	1 (1.0)
Buccal mucosa graft	1 (1.0)
ECCE IOL	1 (1.0)
Amniotic membrane transplant	1 (1.0)

ECCE: Extracapsular cataract extraction; IOL: Intraocular lens.

Table 5 Complications after keratoplasty, n (%)

Complication	n = 99
Secondary glaucoma	26 (26.26)
Graft failure	18 (18.18)
Graft rejection	13 (13.13)
Infected graft	2 (2.02)
Vitreus hemorrhage	1 (1.1)
No complication	39 (39.39)