Effects of exercise-based rehabilitation training in schizophrenia patients

Table 1 Comparative analysis of baseline characteristics, n (%)

Categories	Control group (n = 59)	Research group (n = 68)	χ2/t value	P value
Sex			1.106	0.293
Male	35 (59.32)	34 (50.00)
Female	24 (40.68)	34 (50.00)
Age (years), mean ± SD	43.03 ± 8.72	40.03 ± 10.59	1.726	0.087
Disease course (years), mean ± SD	8.49 ± 3.91	7.94 ± 3.49	0.838	0.404
Hospital stay duration (months), mean ± SD	10.31 ± 2.82	10.56 ± 3.74	0.420	0.675
Educational background (years), mean ± SD	6.75 ± 2.64	7.09 ± 3.64	0.594	0.553
Main antipsychotics			2.986	0.225
Clozapine	42 (71.19)	40 (58.82)
Risperidone	6 (10.17)	14 (20.59)
Other	11 (18.64)	14 (20.59)

Table 2 Comparative assessment of Stroop Color-Word Test metrics, mean ± SD

Categories	Control group (n = 59)	Research group (n = 68)	t value	P value
SCWT word recognition accuracy
Before intervention	65.53 ± 18.14	67.32 ± 19.12	0.539	0.591
After intervention	69.93 ± 13.00a	75.41 ± 15.17b	2.168	0.032
SCWT color recognition accuracy
Before intervention	41.49 ± 14.28	39.94 ± 13.53	0.628	0.532
After intervention	42.37 ± 13.70	49.94 ± 19.25b	2.517	0.013
Total correct responses
Before intervention	21.59 ± 10.91	21.50 ± 8.02	0.053	0.958
After intervention	23.80 ± 10.31	23.56 ± 9.67	0.135	0.893

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01 (intra-group vs baseline).

SCWT: Stroop Color-Word Test.

Table 3 Processing speed differences across groups, mean ± SD

Categories	Control group (n = 59)	Research group (n = 68)	t value	P value
TMT completion time (seconds)
Before intervention	82.90 ± 29.66	82.41 ± 27.22	0.097	0.923
After intervention	83.88 ± 28.14	66.15 ± 23.34a	3.881	< 0.001
Accuracy count on BACS-SC
Before intervention	27.64 ± 11.35	27.76 ± 9.97	0.063	0.950
After intervention	30.22 ± 8.93	36.85 ± 12.23a	3.443	< 0.001

^aP < 0.01.

TMT: Trail Making Test; BACS-SC: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia.

Table 4 Analysis of differences in social functional deficits, mean ± SD

IPROS (points)	Control group (n = 59)	Research group (n = 68)	t value	P value
Occupational therapy performance
Pre-intervention	10.24 ± 2.90	10.34 ± 3.06	0.188	0.851
Post-intervention	8.12 ± 3.18a	6.54 ± 2.63b	3.064	0.003
Daily living skills
Pre-intervention	9.54 ± 2.73	8.66 ± 2.95	1.735	0.085
Post-intervention	6.95 ± 2.87a	5.41 ± 2.39b	3.299	0.001
Interpersonal skills
Pre-intervention	8.29 ± 3.29	8.15 ± 2.40	0.276	0.783
Post-intervention	7.51 ± 2.65	5.54 ± 2.39b	4.404	< 0.001
Hygiene practices
Pre-intervention	7.83 ± 2.81	7.51 ± 2.92	0.627	0.532
Post-intervention	6.41 ± 2.53	5.15 ± 2.14b	3.041	0.003
Engagement/motivation levels
Pre-intervention	10.19 ± 3.63	10.56 ± 3.72	0.565	0.573
Post-intervention	7.44 ± 2.90a	5.68 ± 2.51b	3.667	< 0.001
Total
Pre-intervention	46.10 ± 6.62	46.44 ± 5.94	0.305	0.761
Post-intervention	36.54 ± 6.33a	28.12 ± 6.10b	7.624	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

IPROS: Inpatient Psychiatric Rehabilitation Outcome Scale.

Table 5 Correlation of the change amplitude of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with the reduction of negative symptoms and the shortening of Trail Making Test completion time

Category	r	P value
BDNF change amplitude (points)	0.033	0.709
Reduction of negative symptoms (points)
BDNF change amplitude (points)	0.042	0.641
Shortening of TMT completion time (second)

BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; TMT: Trail Making Test.