Multidimensional cognitive impairment in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Sample characterization (n = 200)

Variables	n (%)/mean ± SD
Average age (years)	56.44 ± 13.31
Gender
Female	106 (53.00)
Male	94 (47.00)
Self-reported ethnicity
Black	148 (74.00)
White	52 (26.00)
Average education (years)	4.88 ± 3.47
Education level
1 year to 4 years	100 (50.00)
5 years to 8 years	48 (24.00)
9 years to 12 years	35 (17.50)
History of UGIB	127 (63.50)
Previous splenectomy	94 (47.00)
Average score on the HADS questionnaire	7.88 ± 6.16
Frequency of MMSE below 25	73 (36.50)

UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 2 Association between cognitive assessment data and the presence of portosystemic shunts in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	With PSS (n = 94)	Without PSS (n = 106)	Total	P value
MMSE1	34 (36.17)	39 (36.79)	73 (36.5)	1.00
Abnormal clock drawing test2	62 (65.95)	72 (67.92)	134 (67)	0.88
Go-No Go test
0	23 (24.46)	27 (25.47)	50 (25)
1	7 (7.44)	10 (9.43)	17 (8.5)	0.16
2	9 (9.57)	26 (24.52)	39 (19.5)
3	17 (18.08)	43 (40.56)	94 (47)
Go-No Go test	1.97 ± 1.26	1.80 ± 1.22	1.88 ± 1.24	0.317
Abnormal forward digit span test3	54 (57.44)	63 (59.43)	107 (53.5)	0.888
Abnormal backward digit span test4	78 (82.97)	88 (83.01)	166 (83)	1.00
Abnormal animal verbal fluency test	33 (35.1)	16 (15.1)	49 (24.5)	0.0018

¹Cutoff 24 points.

²Cutoff 3 points.

³Cutoff 6 points.

⁴Cutoff 3 points.

PSS: Portosystemic shunts; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.