Impact of motor anxiety on rehabilitation in elderly stroke patients: A retrospective study

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data of patients with exercise anxiety

Factors		Exercise anxiety group (n = 139)	Non-exercise anxiety group (n = 67)	χ2	P value
Age (years)
	≤ 60	49	32	11.478	0.003
	61-69	69	17
	≥ 70	21	18
Gender
	Male	86	48	1.899	0.168
	Female	53	19
BMI (kg/m2)
	≥ 25	39	15	0.751	0.386
	< 25	100	52
History of diabetes
	Yes	31	11	0.964	0.326
	No	108	56
History of hypertension
	Yes	43	17	0.678	0.410
	No	96	50
Educational level
	≤ Junior high school	63	21	7.322	0.026
	High school	61	30
	≥ University	15	16
Per capita monthly income (CNY)
	< 3000	63	24	9.744	0.008
	3000-4500	62	25
	> 4500	14	18
Medical insurance type
	Employee insurance	70	34	0.400	0.819
	Rural/urban insurance	56	25
	Self-pay	13	8
Marital status
	Married	124	62	0.571	0.450
	Other	15	5
Employment status
	Employed	95	48	0.231	0.630
	Retired	44	19
Stroke type
	Hemorrhagic	39	15	0.751	0.386
	Ischemic	100	52
Number of symptoms
	≥ 2	95	50	0.856	0.355
	< 2	44	17
Stroke occurrence
	First occurrence	108	46	1.958	0.162
	Recurrence	31	21
Comorbidities
	≥ 2	97	46	0.027	0.869
	< 2	42	21
Fall history
	≥ 2	124	57	0.725	0.395
	< 2	15	10
Heart failure
	Yes	49	19	0.972	0.324
	No	90	48

BMI: Body mass index; CNY: Chinese Yuan.

Table 2 Comparison of functional scores in patients with exercise anxiety, mean ± SD

Functionality scores	Exercise anxiety group (n = 139)	Non-exercise anxiety group (n = 67)	Z/t	P value
mRS score, median (IQR)	2.00 (2.00, 2.00)	2.00 (1.00, 2.00)	2.454	< 0.001
SEE score	35.70 ± 16.22	53.58 ± 14.05	-8.128	< 0.001
TSK score	61.34 ± 4.89	54.15 ± 5.65	8.923	< 0.001
SDS score	40.19 ± 5.49	37.51 ± 4.90	3.542	< 0.001

mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; IQR: Interquartile range; SEE: Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale; TSK: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 3 Receiver operating characteristic curve parameters

Markers	AUC	95%CI	Specificity	Sensitivity	Cut off
mRS score	0.606	0.539-0.673	34.33%	88.49%	1.5
SEE score	0.792	0.731-0.854	91.04%	52.52%	35.5
TSK score	0.833	0.775-0.891	68.66%	79.14%	57.5
SDS score	0.644	0.565-0.722	55.22%	69.78%	37.5

AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; SEE: Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale; TSK: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 4 Assignment table

Factors	Content of the assignments
Age (years)	≤ 60 = 1, 61-69 = 2, ≥ 70 =3
Educational level	≤ Junior high school = 1, high school = 2, ≥ university = 3
Per capita monthly income	< 3000 = 1, 3000-4500 = 2, > 4500 = 3
mRS score	≤ 1.5 = 0, > 1.5 = 1
SEE score	≤ 35.5 = 0, > 35.5 = 1
TSK score	≤ 57.5 = 0, > 57.5 = 1
SDS score	≤ 37.5 = 0, > 37.5 = 1
Anxiety status	Exercise anxiety = 1, non-exercise anxiety group = 0

mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; SEE: Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale; TSK: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for exercise anxiety in patients

Factors	β	SD	χ2	P value	OR	95%CI
mRS score	0.919	0.485	3.584	0.058	2.507	0.968-6.491
SEE score	-2.270	0.528	18.462	< 0.001	0.103	0.037-0.291
TSK score	2.038	0.410	24.739	< 0.001	7.672	3.437-17.124
SDS score	0.896	0.407	4.847	0.028	2.45	1.103-5.440
Age (years)	0.262	0.258	1.032	0.310	1.300	0.784-2.156
Educational level	-0.793	0.293	7.347	0.007	0.452	0.255-0.803
Per capita monthly income	-0.82	0.294	7.792	0.005	0.441	0.248-0.783

OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence interval; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; SEE: Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale; TSK: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.

Table 6 Comparison of risk factor indicators between the training and validation groups, n (%)

Factor	Training group (n = 206)	Validation group (n = 97)	Statistics	P value
SEE score, median (IQR)	42.00 (29.00, 55.00)	35.00 (28.00, 55.00)	Z = 1.021	0.307
TSK score, mean ± SD	59.00 ± 6.15	58.70 ± 5.96	t = 0.403	0.687
SDS score, median (IQR)	39.00 (35.25, 43.00)	39.00 (32.00, 49.00)	Z = -0.205	0.838
Educational level			χ2 = 0.131	0.936
≤ Junior high school	84 (40.8)	38 (39.2)
High school	91 (44.2)	43 (44.3)
≥ University	31 (15.0)	16 (16.5)
Per capita monthly income (CNY)			χ2 = 0.193	0.908
< 3000	84 (40.8)	38 (39.2)
3000-4500	91 (44.2)	43 (44.3)
> 4500	31 (15.0)	16 (16.5)

P values were determined by Mann-Whitney U tests (for Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale), independent t-test (for Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia), and χ² tests (for educational level and per capita income). SEE: Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale; TSK: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; CNY: Chinese Yuan.