Economic abuse as a female battering form: A cross-sectional study among physicians and nurses

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants

Category	n	mean ± SD/%
Age		39.04 ± 9.41
Profession (%)
Physician	94	30.8
Nurse	211	69.2
Education
Bachelor’s degree	195	63.9
Postgraduate	110	36.1
Residence
City center	282	92.5
Small town	23	7.5
Length of marriage
0-5 years	102	33.4
6-10 years	57	18.7
11 years and above	146	47.9
Type of marriage
Love	272	89.2
Blind date	26	8.5
Arranged	7	2.3
Spouse occupation
Healthcare professional	109	35.7
Public employee	77	25.2
Engineer	58	19.0
Security and safety	25	8.2
Private sector	36	11.8
Having children
Yes	229	75.1
No	76	24.9
Spouse education
Secondary school	41	13.4
Bachelor’s	157	51.5
Postgraduate	107	35.1
Decision-making process
The family’s decisions are primarily determined by the elders	3	1.0
My spouse’s decision is decisive	19	6.2
We decide jointly	280	91.8
Other/(I decide)	3	1.0
Household sharing
Completely belong to female	17	5.6
Majority belong to female	160	52.5
Completely belong to male	0	0
Majority belong to male	5	1.6
Equal	123	40.3
Total	305	100

SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Correlations between total the Revised Scale of Economic Abuse, the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire, and the subscales of Revised Scale of Economic Abuse

		IWPQ	SEA2	Economic restriction	Economic exploitation
IWPQ	r	1	-0.078	-0.096	-0.041
	P value		0.176	0.095	0.472
SEA2 Scale	r		1	0.9311	0.8981
	P value			0.000	0.000
Economic restriction	r			1	0.6741
	P value				0.000
	n	305	305	305	305

¹Correlation is significant at the 0.001 level (2-tailed).

IWPQ: Individual Work Performance Questionnaire; SEA2: Revised Scale of Economic Abuse.

Table 3 Comparative analysis of Revised Scale of Economic Abuse and Individual Work Performance Questionnaire scores across demographic characteristics

Effective factor	Total SEA2	Economic exploitation	Economic restriction	IWPQ
Age
r	0.116	0.315	0.147	0.292
P value	0.043a	0.058	< 0.001a	< 0.001a
Profession
Physician	1.62 ± 3.25	0.43 ± 1.45	1.19 ± 2.15	3.67 ± 0.62
Nurse	3.32 ± 5.18	1.14 ± 2.61	2.18 ± 3.04	3.94 ± 0.57
t	-2.928	-3.029	-3.241	-3.675
P value	0.004a	0.003a	0.001a	< 0.001a
Education
Bachelor’s degree	3.20 ± 5.23	1.12 ± 2.66	2.07 ± 2.99	3.87 ± 0.56
Postgraduate	2.10 ± 3.61	0.58 ± 1.58	1.51 ± 2.49	3.82 ± 0.66
t	2.160	2.223	1.660	0.731
P value	0.032a	0.027a	0.098	0.465
Length of marriage
0-5 years	2.37 ± 4.45	0.91 ± 2.30	1.46 ± 2.60	3.68 ± 0.55
6-10 years	2.54 ± 3.95	0.82 ± 2.22	1.71 ± 2.09	3.73 ± 0.58
11 years and above	3.20 ± 5.18	0.97 ± 2.47	2.22 ± 2.18	4.02 ± 0.60
F	1.033	0.093	2.321	11.770
P value	0.357	0.912	0.100	< 0.001a
Having children
Yes	3.21 ± 5.20	1.09 ± 2.59	2.12 ± 3.05	3.89 ± 0.60
No	1.56 ± 2.53	0.43 ± 1.19	1.13 ± 1.82	3.74 ± 0.58
t	3.656	2.995	3.409	1.902
P value	< 0.001a	0.003a	< 0.001a	0.058
Spouse education
Secondary school graduates	4.31 ± 6.14	1.43 ± 3.51	2.87 ± 3.28	4.04 ± 0.62
Bachelor’s degree	2.99 ± 4.94	1.11 ± 2.42	1.87 ± 2.87	3.84 ± 0.55
Postgraduate	1.94 ± 3.52	0.45 ± 1.42	1.48 ± 2.49	3.81 ± 0.65
F	4.058	3.687	3.648	2.417
P value	0.018a	0.026a	0.027a	0.091
Decision-making process at home
The family’s decisions are primarily determined by the elders	3.66 ± 5.50	1.33 ± 2.30	2.33 ± 3.21	4.23 ± 0.48
My spouse’s decision is decisive	9.21 ± 8.04	3.10 ± 4.31	6.10 ± 4.21	3.85 ± 0.72
We decide jointly	2.36 ± 4.12	0.78 ± 2.09	1.57 ± 2.48	3.85 ± 0.59
Other/ (I decide)	2.66 ± 1.52	0.00 ± 0.00	2.66 ± 1.52	3.95 ± 0.45
F	14.024	6.308	17.844	0.419
P value	< 0.001a	< 0.001a	< 0.001a	0.740
Household sharing at home
Completely belong to female	10.88 ± 8.36	4.41 ± 5.48	6.47 ± 3.76	4.02 ± 0.60
Majority belongs to female	2.82 ± 4.03	0.93 ± 1.90	1.88 ± 2.55	3.84 ± 0.58
Majority belongs to male	1.60 ± 2.30	1.40 ± 2.19	0.20 ± 0.44	4.07 ± 0.85
Equal	1.70 ± 3.87	1.01 ± 1.70	1.29 ± 2.48	3.84 ± 0.61
F	22.815	16.823	20.598	0.651
P value	< 0.001a	< 0.001a	< 0.001a	0.583

^aCorrelation is significant at the P < 0.001.

P < 0.05 statistical significance. F: One-way analysis of variance test. SEA2: Revised Scale of Economic Abuse; IWPQ: Individual Work Performance Questionnaire.