Stress response, complications, and postoperative recovery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and comorbid anxiety/depression undergoing ultrasound-guided intervention

Table 1 Comparison of negative psychological state scores before and after surgery between the groups

Group	Cases, n	HAM-D		HAM-A
		Before	After	Before	After
Research	45	14.09 ± 1.33	6.25 ± 1.12a	17.10 ± 1.41	7.02 ± 1.21
Control	45	14.01 ± 1.25	8.78 ± 1.25a	17.06 ± 1.39	9.13 ± 1.26a
t value		0.415	4.116	0.187	6.032
P value		0.071	0.001	0.066	0.010

^aP < 0.05 vs preoperative and postoperative values in the same group.

HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Scale.

Table 2 Comparison of serum levels of inflammatory factors between the 2 groups

Group	CRP (mg/L)			VEGF (pg/mL)			SOD (U/mL)
	Postoperative day 1	Postoperative day 3	Postoperative day 7	Postoperative day 1	Postoperative day 3	Postoperative day 7	Postoperative day 1	Postoperative day 3	Postoperative day 7
Research (n = 45)	17.81 ± 2.32	7.24 ± 1.28a	4.73 ± 1.04a,b	140.29 ± 23.08	83.72 ± 10.33a	50.33 ± 6.71a,b	112.07 ± 10.38	89.22 ± 7.23a	62.10 ± 5.37a,b
Control (n = 45)	17.54 ± 2.77	9.35 ± 1.36a	6.07 ± 1.22a,b	139.78 ± 24.11	101.62 ± 11.07a	83.72 ± 9.26a,b	112.56 ± 11.07	97.28 ± 8.14a	79.27 ± 7.19a,b
t value	0.512	6.332	5.903	0.377	12.093	8.271	0.775	11.102	9.284
P value	0.103	0.001	0.001	0.115	0.010	0.001	0.137	0.001	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group 1 day after surgery.

^bP < 0.05 vs the same group 3 days after surgery.

Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. CRP: C-reactive protein; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; SOD: Superoxide dismutase.

Table 3 Comparison of postoperative complications between the groups

Group	Infection of incisional wound	Hepatalgia	Abdominal infection	Pleural effusion	Incidence
Research (n = 45)	1 (2.22)	2 (4.44)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (6.66)
Control (n = 45)	2 (4.44)	3 (6.66)	1 (2.22)	2 (4.44)	8 (17.78)
χ2					12.322
P value					0.001

Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

Table 4 Comparison of postoperative recovery between the groups

Group	Time to first flatulence after surgery (hour)	Time to oral intake (hour)	Postoperative hospital stays (day)
Research (n = 45)	23.17 ± 2.08	7.72 ± 1.05	4.71 ± 1.04
Control (n = 45)	26.73 ± 3.14	9.03 ± 2.16	7.25 ± 1.13
t value	7.192	5.206	4.287
P value	0.001	0.000	0.001

Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

Table 5 Comparison of liver function parameters between the two groups before and after surgery

Group	ALT (U/L)		AST (U/L)		TBIL (μmol/L)
	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
Research (n = 45)	97.23 ± 7.31	54.15 ± 4.67a	102.43 ± 11.83	56.11 ± 6.14a	81.43 ± 7.52	40.15 ± 4.23a
Control (n = 45)	97.16 ± 7.28	67.23 ± 6.14a	101.96 ± 10.47	70.73 ± 7.27a	81.45 ± 7.61	59.27 ± 4.36a
t value	0.706	15.122	0.214	17.312	0.416	11.504
P value	0.114	0.001	0.286	0.000	0.108	0.015

^aP < 0.05 vs preoperative and postoperative comparisons in the same group.

Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin.