Seizure recurrence after first epileptic episode in ischemic stroke: Risk factors and their association with cognition and mood

Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors for seizure recurrence after the first episode, n (%)

Variable	n	Recurrence group (n = 43)	Non-recurrence group (n = 57)	χ2	P value
Age (years)				4.938	0.026
< 60	38	11 (25.58)	27 (47.37)
≥ 60	62	32 (74.42)	30 (52.63)
Gender				0.317	0.574
Male	59	24 (55.81)	35 (61.40)
Female	41	19 (44.19)	22 (38.60)
Hypertension	60	28 (65.12)	32 (56.14)	0.823	0.364
Diabetes	72	32 (74.42)	40 (70.18)	0.219	0.640
Smoking history	30	15 (34.88)	15 (26.32)	0.857	0.355
Alcohol consumption history	12	8 (18.60)	4 (7.02)	3.116	0.078
NIHSS (points)				5.200	0.023
< 16	48	15 (34.88)	33 (57.89)
≥ 16	52	28 (65.12)	24 (42.11)
Seizure type
Late-onset	44	24 (55.81)	20 (35.09)	4.273	0.039
Partial	47	22 (51.16)	25 (43.86)	0.525	0.469
Abnormal EEG findings	41	24 (55.81)	17 (29.82)	6.844	0.009
Cortical involvement	32	20 (46.51)	12 (21.05)	7.301	0.007
Hemorrhagic infarction	23	16 (37.21)	7 (12.28)	8.600	0.003
Large-area cerebral infarction	33	19 (44.19)	14 (24.56)	4.269	0.039

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; EEG: Electroencephalogram.

Table 2 Assignment of variables with significant differences

Factor	Variable	Assignment
Age (years)	X1	< 60 = 0, ≥ 60 = 1
NIHSS (points)	X2	< 16 = 0, ≥ 16 = 1
Late-onset seizures	X3	No = 0, yes = 1
Abnormal EEG findings	X4	None = 0, yes = 1
Cortical involvement	X5	None = 0, yes = 1
Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction	X6	No = 0, yes = 1
Large-area cerebral infarction	X7	No = 0, yes = 1
Seizure recurrence after the first episode	Y	No = 0, yes = 1

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; EEG: Electroencephalogram.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of risk factors for seizure recurrence after the first episode

Factor	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Age (years)	0.623	0.530	1.384	0.239	1.865	0.660-5.268
NIHSS (points)	0.829	0.505	2.697	0.101	2.290	0.852-6.159
Late-onset seizures	1.131	0.512	4.887	0.027	3.099	1.137-8.445
Abnormal EEG findings	0.713	0.504	1.999	0.157	2.039	0.759-5.477
Cortical involvement	1.507	0.542	7.730	0.005	4.513	1.560-13.057
Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction	1.539	0.617	6.223	0.013	4.659	1.391-15.610
Large-area cerebral infarction	1.007	0.530	3.609	0.057	2.739	0.969-7.743

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; EEG: Electroencephalogram.

Table 4 Correlation between recurrence-related risk factors and cognitive function

Correlation	rpb	P value
Late-onset seizures vs MoCA	-0.410	< 0.001
Cortical involvement vs MoCA	-0.262	0.009
Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction vs MoCA	-0.225	0.025

MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Table 5 Correlation between recurrence-related risk factors and anxiety/depression

Correlation	rpb	P value
Late-onset seizures vs SAS	0.286	0.004
Cortical involvement vs SAS	0.341	0.001
Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction vs SAS	0.227	0.024
Late-onset seizures vs SDS	0.247	0.014
Cortical involvement vs SDS	0.249	0.013
Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction vs SDS	0.226	0.024

SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.