Illness uncertainty, anxiety, and depression in primary glaucoma and associated influencing factors

Table 1 Illness uncertainty in 120 patients with primary glaucoma, mean ± SEM/n (%)

Indicators	Score (points)
Complexity	36.73 ± 6.26
Unpredictability	42.99 ± 5.45
MUIS	79.73 ± 8.97
Low level	1 (0.83)
Moderate level	111 (92.50)
High level	8 (6.67)

MUIS: Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale.

Table 2 Anxiety and depression status in 120 patients with primary glaucoma, mean ± SEM/n (%)

Indicators	< 8 points		≥ 8 points		Total
HADS-A	102 (85.00)	5.21 ± 1.62	18 (15.00)	14.28 ± 4.06	6.57 ± 3.89
HADS-D	91 (75.83)	5.45 ± 1.90	29 (24.17)	14.93 ± 3.60	7.08 ± 5.05

HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale.

Table 3 Correlation between illness uncertainty and anxiety/depression in primary glaucoma patients

Indicators	r, P value
MUIS and HADS-A	0.359, P < 0.001
MUIS and HADS-D	0.426, P < 0.001

MUIS: Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale.

Table 4 Univariate analysis of factors influencing anxiety/depression in primary glaucoma patients, n (%)

Indicators	Anxiety/depression (n = 41)	Non-anxiety/depression (n = 79)	χ2	P value
Gender			0.243	0.622
Male (n = 49)	18 (43.90)	31 (39.24)
Female (n = 71)	23 (56.10)	48 (60.76)
Age (years old)			1.163	0.281
< 60 (n = 55)	16 (39.02)	39 (49.37)
≥ 60 (n = 65)	25 (60.98)	40 (50.63)
Disease duration (months)			8.167	0.017
< 1 (n = 58)	16 (39.02)	42 (53.16)
1-12 (n = 36)	10 (24.39)	26 (32.91)
> 12 (n = 26)	15 (36.59)	11 (13.92)
Disease type			1.536	0.464
Acute angle-closure glaucoma (n = 36)	13 (31.71)	23 (29.11)
Chronic angle-closure glaucoma (n = 61)	18 (43.90)	43 (54.43)
Open-angle glaucoma (n = 23)	10 (24.39)	13 (16.46)
Educational level			0.443	0.506
Below senior high school (n = 42)	16 (39.02)	26 (32.91)
Senior high school or above (n = 78)	25 (60.98)	53 (67.09)
Insomnia			9.461	0.002
No (n = 88)	23 (56.10)	65 (82.28)
Yes (n = 32)	18 (43.90)	14 (17.72)
Monthly household income per capita (yuan)			9.213	0.010
< 2500 (n = 56)	27 (65.85)	29 (36.71)
2500-5000 (n = 46)	10 (24.39)	36 (45.57)
> 5000 (n = 18)	4 (9.76)	14 (17.72)
Comorbid chronic conditions			4.102	0.043
No (n = 97)	29 (70.73)	68 (86.08)
Yes (n = 23)	12 (29.27)	11 (13.92)

Insomnia in this case is a complication of glaucoma rather than a primary condition.

Table 5 Variable assignments

Indicators	Variables	Assignments
Disease duration (months)	X1	< 1 = 0, 1-12 = 1, > 12 = 2
Insomnia	X2	No = 0, yes = 1
Monthly household income per capita (yuan)	X3	< 2500 = 0, 2500-5000 = 1, > 5000 = 2
Comorbid chronic conditions	X4	No = 0, yes = 1
MUIS (points)	X5	Continuous variable
HADS-A ≥ 8 or HADS-D ≥ 8	Y	No = 0, yes = 1

MUIS: Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale.

Table 6 Multivariate analysis of factors influencing anxiety or depression in primary glaucoma patients

Factors	β	SE	Wald	P value	Exp (β)	95%CI
Disease duration (months)	0.398	0.271	2.161	0.142	1.489	0.876-2.530
Insomnia	1.074	0.473	5.166	0.023	2.927	1.159-7.391
Monthly household income per capita (yuan)	-0.830	0.321	6.690	0.010	0.436	0.232-0.818
Comorbid chronic conditions	0.806	0.524	2.361	0.124	2.238	0.801-6.257
MUIS (points)	0.004	0.024	0.024	0.878	1.004	0.958-1.052

MUIS: Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale; CI: Confidence interval.