Effects of exercise-based rehabilitation training in schizophrenia patients

Figure 1 Flowchart of patient inclusion and exclusion.

Figure 2 Comparison of symptom improvement profiles. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 (intra-group vs baseline); ^cP < 0.05 (inter-group comparison at matched time points). A: Positive symptom scores (PANSS) pre/post intervention; B: PANSS scores (negative symptoms) pre- and post-intervention across groups; C: Modifications in PANSS general psychiatric symptom scores before/after treatment.

Figure 3 Comparative analysis of Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation assessments. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 (intra-group vs baseline); ^cP < 0.05 (inter-group at equivalent timepoints). A: Changes in positive symptom scores (pre- vs post-intervention); B: Changes in negative symptom scores (pre- vs post-intervention); C: Total score variations across study periods.

Figure 4 Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration comparison. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 (intra-group vs baseline); ^cP < 0.05 (inter-group at equivalent timepoints). BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor.