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©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Psychiatry. Feb 19, 2026; 16(2): 112817
Published online Feb 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.112817
Published online Feb 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.112817
Associations of excessive smartphone duration and unlock frequency with non-suicidal self-injury in college students
Jian Yin, Ze-Shi Liu, Yan-Ping Zhang, Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
Guang-Dong Wang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
Pei-Xi Wu, Xi’an Mingde Institute of Technology, Xi’an 710124, Shaanxi Province, China
Hui Yang, Department of External Cooperation and Exchange, Shaanxi Provincial Health Commission, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
Co-first authors: Jian Yin and Guang-Dong Wang.
Author contributions: Yin J and Wang GD made equal contributions as co-first authors; Yin J, Wang GD, and Zhang YP contributed to the conception and design of the study, drafted the manuscript; Wu PX, Yang H, and Liu ZS contributed to the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; Zhang YP conducted critical revision of the manuscript before final approval for submission. All authors approved the final version to publish.
Institutional review board statement: This study is approved by the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 2022248.
Informed consent statement: All participants provided informed consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: Dataset available from the corresponding author. Participants gave informed consent for data sharing was not obtained but the presented data are anonymized and risk of identification is low.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Yan-Ping Zhang, PhD, Associate Chief Physician, Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157 West Wulu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
Received: August 20, 2025
Revised: September 30, 2025
Accepted: November 21, 2025
Published online: February 19, 2026
Processing time: 167 Days and 2.9 Hours
Revised: September 30, 2025
Accepted: November 21, 2025
Published online: February 19, 2026
Processing time: 167 Days and 2.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The mental health impact of smartphone use remains incompletely understood. The present study assessed ob