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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Psychiatry. Nov 19, 2025; 15(11): 111985
Published online Nov 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i11.111985
Published online Nov 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i11.111985
Potential role of meningeal lymphatic drainage in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced cognitive improvement: A call for further research
Ying-Pei Li, Yin Niu, Zhi Chen, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
Hong Ding, Qiang Zhang, Department of Neurosurgery, The 961st Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
Qiang Zhang, Department of Neurosurgery, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
Qiang Zhang, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 15400, Heilongjiang Province, China
Co-first authors: Ying-Pei Li and Yin Niu.
Co-corresponding authors: Zhi Chen and Qiang Zhang.
Author contributions: Li YP, Niu Y, and Ding H wrote the original draft; Li YP and Niu Y contributed equally to this article, they are the co-first authors of this manuscript; Chen Z and Zhang Q participated in drafting the manuscript, they contributed equally to this article, they are the co-corresponding authors of this manuscript; and all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by the Heilongjiang Provincial Health Commission Scientific Research Project, No. 20230404040027; and the Scientific Technology Project of Qiqihar City, No. CSFGG-2025030.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Qiang Zhang, Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, The 961st Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, No. 71 Postal Road, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China. qiangzhang1982@163.com
Received: July 16, 2025
Revised: August 2, 2025
Accepted: August 22, 2025
Published online: November 19, 2025
Processing time: 110 Days and 10.1 Hours
Revised: August 2, 2025
Accepted: August 22, 2025
Published online: November 19, 2025
Processing time: 110 Days and 10.1 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The treatment group demonstrated improved long-term memory performance, short-term memory performance, and cognitive function after treatment compared with baseline measurements, although no significant changes were observed in immediate memory performance. In contrast, the control group showed no statistically significant differences in any parameters before or after treatment. Further investigations are warranted regarding the mechanism of action of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Future studies should explore its functional effects on the meningeal lymphatic system to elucidate its underlying therapeutic mechanisms.