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Retrospective Study
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Psychiatry. Aug 19, 2026; 16(8): 119137
Published online Aug 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.119137
Impact of comorbid depression on treatment adherence and long-term urinary function following surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia
Wen-Chao Dun, Qiang Xia, Zhong-Qing Wei, Cheng-Bai Li
Wen-Chao Dun, Qiang Xia, Cheng-Bai Li, Department of Urology, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu Province, China
Zhong-Qing Wei, Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
Author contributions: Dun WC performed research and wrote the manuscript; Xia Q and Wei ZQ analyzed data; Li CB conceived the research, and provided guidance for the research. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Wuxi Municipal Health Commission General Project, No. M202459.
Institutional review board statement: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (approval No. KS2024067).
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Corresponding author: Cheng-Bai Li, Associate Chief Physician, Researcher, Department of Urology, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 999 Liangxi Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu Province, China. 15961770137@163.com
Received: March 6, 2026
Revised: March 30, 2026
Accepted: May 27, 2026
Published online: August 19, 2026
Processing time: 134 Days and 9.2 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - that’s BPH, by the way - is a pretty serious problem for older guys when it comes to their bladders. Surgery is the primary treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe symptoms. However, psychological comorbidities after surgery can cause some patients to experience decreased treatment adherence, which in turn affects the recovery of urinary function. Depression and BPH have a high overlap rate in the elderly population. However, the impact of depression on the postoperative recovery from BPH needs to be systematically verified.

AIM

To help find out what happens in the long-term with pee after surgery for prostate cancer. This will help to create special treatments for people with this problem.

METHODS

In this investigation, past information was gathered from 756 sufferers of BPH who had undergone surgical procedures at Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, from January 2021 to January 2025. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of depression: Comorbidity (n = 65) and non-comorbidity (n = 691). The two groups were compared at 6 months and 12 months after surgery in terms of their demographic and clinical characteristics, how well they took their medication, and their urinary function. We used a special type of maths to work out what causes people to take their medicine. We also used a special type of maths to see how depression affects people’s ability to pee.

RESULTS

Patients with depression and comorbidities showed significantly lower medication adherence self-efficacy, more missed doses and follow-up visits, and poorer health behaviors than those without depression (P < 0.05). They also had higher International Prostate Symptom Score and lower Quality of Life scores at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, along with lower maximum flow rate and higher post-void residual urine volume (P < 0.05). Improvement in urinary function was less marked in depressed patients. Multivariate analysis identified depression [odds ratio (OR) = 3.215, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.892-5.463)], age ≥ 70 years (OR = 2.108, 95%CI: 1.276-3.482), and primary education or below (OR = 1.983, 95%CI: 1.195-3.294) as independent risk factors for poor adherence. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores correlated positively with International Prostate Symptom Score, Quality of Life, and post-void residual urine volume, and negatively with maximum flow rate (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The study found that depression can make it harder to stick to treatment and can also make it take longer to recover from surgery for BPH. The study also found that the more severe the depression, the less likely the patient is to recover well. The findings emphasise the significance of conducting depression screenings at the outset and of implementing comprehensive interventions for BPH patients who also have depression. This approach is intended to enhance adherence to treatment and to ensure the best possible postoperative urinary outcomes.

Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Depression; Comorbidity; Treatment adherence; Urinary function; Retrospective study

Core Tip: This retrospective study found that comorbid depression is an independent predictor of poor treatment adherence among patients undergoing surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Reduced adherence was associated with impaired long-term recovery of urinary function after surgery. These findings highlight the importance of routine psychological assessment and early identification of depressive symptoms in this patient population. Implementing targeted psychological and behavioral interventions may improve treatment compliance, enhance postoperative recovery outcomes, and support long-term urinary function rehabilitation in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

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