Effect of music therapy on outcomes of critically ill patients

Table 1 Demographic profile of the music therapy and control group, n (%)

Characteristic	Music therapy group (n = 68)	Control group (n = 68)	Statistics
Mean age (years) (mean ± SD)	52.43 ± 10.37	50.59 ± 11.54	t = 0.977; P = 0.330
Sex
Male	38 (55.9)	36 (52.9)	χ² = 0.119; P = 0.731
Female	30 (44.1)	32 (47.1)
Religion
Hindu	23 (33.8)	17 (25.0)	χ² = 1.275; P = 0.259
Muslim	45 (66.2)	51 (75.0)
Socioeconomic status
Lower	8 (11.8)	8 (11.8)	χ² = 1.014; P = 0.798
Upper lower	1 (1.5)	0 (0)
Lower middle	35 (51.5)	36 (52.9)
Upper middle	24 (35.3)	24 (35.3)
Mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (mean ± SD)	19.24 ± 2.36	19.49 ± 2.43	t = 0.608; P = 0.544

Table 2 Comparison of cumulative ventilator time and cumulative intensive care unit stay

Outcome	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
Ventilator time (hours)	58.22	14.90	56.88	13.10	0.528	0.598
Intensive care unit stay (days)	4.97	1.70	5.70	0.74	-2.299	0.023

Table 3 Comparison of heart rates in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	95.69	15.52	97.43	20.19	-0.562	0.575
5	94.24	14.95	96.93	19.76	-0.896	0.372
10	94.15	14.94	96.78	19.61	-0.880	0.380
15	93.40	15.34	96.47	19.92	-1.008	0.315
20	93.57	16.09	96.53	20.11	-0.946	0.346
25	93.10	15.32	96.34	20.21	-1.052	0.295
30	93.13	15.91	96.40	20.46	-1.039	0.301

Table 4 Comparison of systolic blood pressure in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	124.54	17.28	124.25	13.11	0.112	0.911
5	124.85	18.96	124.32	13.04	0.190	0.850
10	123.74	18.84	118.69	13.91	1.776	0.078
15	123.07	17.90	120.50	15.42	0.898	0.371
20	123.31	17.68	119.74	13.43	1.327	0.187
25	121.53	17.66	120.76	13.29	0.285	0.776
30	122.41	17.85	119.43	14.59	1.068	0.287

Table 5 Comparison of diastolic blood pressure in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	74.44	12.98	73.76	9.39	0.348	0.728
5	74.32	10.88	72.38	7.82	1.195	0.234
10	72.47	10.93	70.51	7.89	1.196	0.234
15	72.97	10.66	71.87	7.24	0.706	0.481
20	73.09	10.60	70.53	6.62	1.688	0.094
25	72.25	10.34	70.65	7.03	1.057	0.292
30	73.93	10.19	72.15	8.91	1.085	0.280

Table 6 Comparison of oxygen saturation in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics		Confidence interval
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	97.72	1.79	96.40	2.41	1.572	0.118	0.05-0.06
5	97.71	1.80	95.85	2.89	4.488	< 0.001	0.00-0.02
10	97.82	1.78	95.78	2.91	4.942	< 0.001	0.00-0.02
15	97.66	1.59	95.87	2.71	4.703	< 0.001	0.00-0.02
20	97.71	1.83	95.90	2.55	4.758	< 0.001	0.00-0.02
25	97.85	1.78	95.90	2.60	5.113	< 0.001	0.00-0.02
30	97.82	1.70	96.01	2.59	4.808	< 0.001	0.00-0.02

Table 7 Comparison of respiratory in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics		Confidence interval
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	27.84	3.11	28.06	2.07	-0.503	0.616	0.000-0.022
5	26.66	3.11	28.15	2.24	-3.193	0.002	0.000-0.022
10	26.57	3.14	28.15	2.24	-3.360	0.001	0.000-0.022
15	26.38	2.87	28.07	2.13	-3.905	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
20	26.09	2.70	28.06	2.15	-4.711	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
25	25.60	2.53	28.06	2.07	-6.195	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
30	25.41	2.53	27.90	2.09	-6.240	< 0.001	0.000-0.022

Table 8 Comparison of body temperature in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	98.59	0.87	98.41	0.93	1.129	0.261
5	98.53	0.81	98.35	0.88	1.217	0.226
10	98.53	0.81	98.35	0.88	1.217	0.226
15	98.51	0.82	98.35	0.88	1.092	0.277
20	98.51	0.82	98.35	0.88	1.092	0.277
25	98.51	0.82	98.34	0.84	1.221	0.224
30	98.51	0.82	98.34	0.84	1.221	0.224

Table 9 Comparison of Visual Analog Scale-Anxiety scores in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics		Confidence interval
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	6.82	1.36	7.07	1.07	-1.192	0.235	0.000-0.022
5	5.96	1.57	7.24	1.08	-5.539	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
10	5.21	1.59	6.74	1.32	-6.101	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
15	4.88	1.45	6.25	1.30	-5.794	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
20	4.49	1.63	6.06	1.49	-5.876	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
25	3.82	1.60	5.56	1.34	-6.847	< 0.001	0.000-0.022
30	3.34	1.56	5.29	1.21	-8.166	< 0.001	0.000-0.022

Table 10 Comparison of Visual Analog Scale-Dyspnea scores in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	4.76	1.09	4.76	0.90	< 0.001	1.000
5	4.71	1.08	4.75	0.90	-0.258	0.797
10	4.24	0.98	4.54	0.87	-1.943	0.054
15	3.51	1.00	4.18	0.85	-4.168	< 0.001
20	3.09	0.91	3.74	0.70	-4.637	< 0.001
25	2.94	0.88	3.60	0.83	-4.511	< 0.001
30	2.49	1.00	3.54	0.90	-6.474	< 0.001

Table 11 Comparison of Numerical Rating Scale scores in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics		Confidence interval
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	3.56	0.82	3.75	0.66	-1.505	0.135	0.075-0.189
5	3.56	0.82	3.75	0.66	-1.505	0.135	0.046-0.145
10	3.01	0.63	3.65	0.69	-5.580	< 0.001	0.046-0.145
15	2.54	0.68	3.65	0.69	-9.425	< 0.001	0.046-0.145
20	2.24	0.60	3.46	0.84	-9.771	< 0.001	0.046-0.145
25	2.06	0.77	3.15	0.72	-8.522	< 0.001	0.046-0.145
30	1.75	0.66	2.82	0.77	-8.747	< 0.001	0.046-0.145

Table 12 Comparison of Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale scores in the music therapy group and the control group during the intervention

Time (minutes)	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics		Confidence interval
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t value	P value
0	-3.19	0.53	-3.38	0.73	1.747	0.083	0.030-0.717
5	-2.84	0.41	-3.47	0.68	6.573	< 0.001	0.030-0.717
10	-2.59	0.60	-3.24	0.76	5.515	< 0.001	0.030-0.717
15	-2.21	0.56	-3.01	0.74	7.162	< 0.001	0.030-0.717
20	-1.88	0.64	-3.01	0.74	9.551	< 0.001	0.030-0.717
25	-1.44	0.68	-2.71	1.01	8.585	< 0.001	0.030-0.717
30	-0.90	0.85	-2.60	1.04	10.487	< 0.001	0.030-0.717

Table 13 Comparison of mortality in the music therapy group and the control group

Outcome	Music therapy group (n = 68)		Control group (n = 68)		Statistics		Confidence interval
	n	%	n	%	χ² value	P value
Intensive care unit mortality	5	7.4	13	19.1	4.098	0.043	0.2293-0.0047