Preventing diagnostic errors in critical care using millimeter-wave technology: A transformative approach to patient safety

Table 1 Reported information technology related errors

Errors
Abnormal imaging errors
Communications errors
Follow up errors
Tracking errors
Outpatient communication medical errors
Delayed communication in radiology
Ordering and interpretation errors
Detection errors

Table 2 Current capacity for different imaging modalities

Medical device	Data rates/capacity
Ultrasound, radiology and cardiology	256 Kbytes (image size)
Magnetic resonance imaging	384 Kbytes (image size)
Scanned X-ray	1.8 Mbytes (image size)
Digital radiography	6.0 Mbytes (image size)
Mammography	24 Mbytes (image size)
Compress and full motion video (telemedicine)	384 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps
Indoor 60 GHz mm-wireless technology	100 Gbps/12.5 Gbytes/s

Table 3 Data capacity in bits/bytes

1 byte (B) contains 8 bits of information

1 kB contains 8000 bits of information

1 MB contains 8000000 bits of information

1 GB contains 8000000000 bits of information

100 Gbits/s equals to 12.5 GB-100000000000 bits of information

Table 4 System specifications, intensive care unit environment and types of errors

Frequency	(GHz)	63.4-64.4	Environment	Number of Locations	Frequency (GHz)	Area (m)
Time resolution (ns)		1	Empty	38	63.4-64.4	12.80 × 6.92 × 2.60
Frequency (KHz)	Resolution	625	Furniture	38	63.4-64.4	12.80 × 6.92 × 2.60
Spatial imaging	Resolution	460-470	Types of errors[12] diagnostics: Diagnostic error or delay. Refusal to use these tests, use of old tests or treatment methods, inaction as a result of observation or testing; Treatment: An error occurred while starting a function, process, or test. Wrong prescription, wrong dose or use of the drug, preventable delay in treatment or reaction to abnormal tests; Prevention: Failure to provide preventive treatment. Inadequate monitoring or controls system crash due to communication failure
(nm)
Dynamic range dB		70
Max. excess delay (ns)		1600
Operation range (m)		50
Bandwidth (GHz)		1
Applications in terms of speed and data capacity		HDTV, video, medical imaging, data transfer, integrating multiple data streams
		Big data
		Analytics

HDTV: High-definition television.