Microscopic precision with bioceramics apexification: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges, particularly in cases of nonvital pulp. Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures. In this case, a 16-year-old patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification. Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and bioceramic putty, along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for disinfection, and sealing. Additionally, magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement, while a micro-apical placement (MAP) system guarantees void-free MTA delivery. These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors, making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.

CASE SUMMARY

A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex, secondary to trauma. Due to the lack of apical closure, traditional root canal obturation was not feasible. Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier, allowing for proper root canal sealing. Historically, calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification, requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration. However, the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure, offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time. In this case, the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl, enhanced by internal heating, ultrasonic activation, and double-sided vented needle irrigation. Under the dental operating microscope, MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system, ensuring a dense, void-free apical barrier. The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.

CONCLUSION

This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient. The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier, ensuring long-term tooth retention and function. By incorporating precise irrigation protocols, internal heating, ultrasonic activation, and magnification tools, the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement. These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth, preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.

Keywords: Bioceramics; Magnification; Mineral trioxide aggregate; Apexification; Irrigation; Case report

Core Tip: Advanced materials and techniques effectively manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices. The use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), bioceramic sealers, and sodium hypochlorite, combined with internal heating activation, ensures proper cleaning, disinfection, and sealing of the canals. Magnification devices, such as dental operating microscopes, allow for precise material placement, while the micro-apical placement system ensures void-free MTA delivery. This modern approach enhances outcomes, reduces errors, and increases long-term success, making it a reliable treatment option for immature teeth.