Attack cancer: Through autophagic modulations as suppressor or promoter

Table 1 Functions of autophagic proteins

Stages	Complex	Key proteins	Functions
Activation of autophagy	ULK1	ULK1	Phosphorylates Beclin1 and plays role in the initiation of autophagy
		ATG13	Localizes PAS to ULK1
		FIP200	Earliest protein to reach PAS, acts as a scaffold for downstream ATG protein assembly at the PAS
		ATG101	Interact with Atg13 and forms the ULK-ATG13-ATG101-FIP200 complex
Assembly and formation of autophagosome	Class III PI3K complex I	VPS34	Catalytic PI (3) kinase
		VPS15	VPS 34 regulatory subunit
		Beclin1	Central regulator, shows interaction with major proteins including ATG14 L, UVRAG, Rubicon, Bcl 2
		ATG14 L	Interacting protein (with Beclin1)
	ATG9A Trafficking System	ATG9A	Recruits LC3 and WIPI1/2
		WIPI1/2	Involved in forming ATG9A trafficking system
		ATG2A	Interacting protein (with WIPI1/2)
	ATG12 ubiquitin-like conjugation system	ATG12	Ubiquitin like protein
		ATG7	E1 Enzyme
		ATG10	E2 Enzyme
		ATG5	Interacting protein (with ATG12)
		ATG16 L1	Provides stability to ATG12-ATG5 complex
	LC3 ubiquitin-like conjugation system	LC3A/B/C	Microtubule associated protein
		ATG7	E1 Enzyme
		ATG3	E2 Enzyme
		ATG4A/B/C/D	Enzyme that efficiently cleaves LC3 precursors and LC3-I/PE
Autophagosome formation and cargo sequestration, enabling subsequent lysosomal degradation and recycling of autophagosomal contents	ATG12 ubiquitin-like conjugation system+	Same as above	Autophagosome membrane elongation and closure
	LC3 ubiquitin-like conjugation system

ATG: Autophagy associated gene.