Attack cancer: Through autophagic modulations as suppressor or promoter

Abstract

Organelle integrity and maintenance of protein homeostasis and purpose is essential for fundamental equilibrium and survivability. Autophagy is the primary process which regulates the distribution of different cell loads to lysosomes for destruction and reuse. Extensive research illustrates the protective functions of autophagy against various diseases. Though in cancer, noticeably contrasting functions of autophagy have been evaluated in the prohibition of preliminary tumor evolution vs the continuance and, anabolic and catabolic variations of well-established and invasive tumors. Autophagy possesses numerous roles in tumor microenvironment (TME) establishment and associated immune cells function which is addressed in recent studies. Autophagic machinery which is employed in different autophagy-related pathways contributes to metastatic diseases and are distinct from classical autophagy. Therapeutic strategies based on the inhibition or induction of autophagy and related processes has helped in the designing of efficient anticancer drugs. According to the review, we evaluate and decipher the various purposes of autophagy and its association with autophagy mechanisms in course of tumor development, invasion and progression. We summarize the latest findings involving the role of these activities including tumor cells and TME and define further breakthrough in therapy aiming at autophagic activities in cancer.

Keywords: Autophagy; Tumor microenvironment; Autophagic machinery; Autophagy-related pathways; Autophagosomes

Core Tip: Autophagy plays a crucial role in the breakdown and recycling of cellular components. However, its role in cancer biology is complex and multifaceted. It can inhibit or help tumor growth depending on cancer type, stage, and situation. Autophagy helps cancer cells withstand environmental stress, such as lack of oxygen, nutrients, or chemotherapy. Recent studies have shown that autophagy signaling pathways are complicated and can be changed to treat it. Stopping autophagy may improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Increasing autophagy can kill cancer cells, especially apoptosis-resistant ones. Thus, autophagy targeting is a promising but difficult cancer treatment.