Immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of shilajit and glycine: Natural metabolic modulators targeting breast and liver cancer

Figure 1 Shilajit and glycine-induced apoptosis in breast and liver cancer cells.

Figure 2 Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. NKM1: Natural killer cell, type 1; Th1: T helper cell, type 1; ILC1: Group 1 innate lymphoid cell; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; DC: Dendritic cell; N1: Neutrophil, type 1; M1: Macrophage, type 1; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; IL: Interleukin; CCL: CC chemokine ligand; TGF: Transforming growth factor.

Figure 3 Molecular mechanisms of shilajit in cancer modulation. Bax: B-cell lymphoma/Leukemia-2 family-associated X protein; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma/Leukemia-2 family; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

Figure 4 Glycine’s roles in redox balance, cytoprotection, and immune regulation. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; Th1/2: T helper cell, type 1/2; IL: Interleukin.

Figure 5 Comparative and overlapping mechanisms of shilajit and glycine in cancer modulation. MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma/Leukemia-2 family.

Figure 6 Integrative mechanisms of shilajit and glycine in cancer therapy. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.